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The development of the Broaching Assessment Scale : a client-rated measure of therapists’ broaching behaviour in clinical counselling

Hilde Depauw (UGent) , Alain Van Hiel (UGent) , Hafsa Talal, Kim Dierckx (UGent) , Fien Geenen (UGent) , Barbara Valcke (UGent) and Barbara De Clercq (UGent)
(2025) PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH. 35(3). p.424-440
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Abstract
Objective: Addressing ethnic-cultural topics during the process of psychotherapy, i.e. broaching, is considered highly important for ethnic minority clients who consult mental health care services. Surprisingly little is known, however, about clients' perception of a therapist's broaching qualities, and how clients' mental construction of broaching translates into behavioural broaching acts a therapist may display.Method: Based on previous work and nine in-depth interviews with ethnic minority clients, a client-rated measure of therapists' broaching behaviour was developed and psychometrically evaluated in two samples. Sample 1 (N = 252 UK ethnic minority clients) was used to empirically delineate the factor structure of an initial item set. Participants were then resolicited to complete a revised item pool.Results: The empirical structure resulted in a final 25-item broaching instrument with five subscales probing into therapists' broaching behaviour. This Broaching Assessment Scale (BrAS) was validated in Sample 2 (N = 239 US ethnic minority clients). Strict measurement invariance of the factor structure was observed across the two samples and distinctive correlational patterns with therapeutic process measures were found.Conclusion: The BrAS provides new insights on how sensitivity to ethnic-cultural topics can be targeted along its concrete features, and is a promising tool for conceptualizing culturally sensitive mental healthcare assessment.
Keywords
Clinical Psychology, broaching, scale development, ethnic minority clients, multicultural, orientation framework, psychotherapy process, MULTICULTURAL ORIENTATION, RACIAL MICROAGGRESSIONS, RACIAL/ETHNIC, DISPARITIES, PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES, MEASUREMENT INVARIANCE, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, FIT INDEXES, ALLIANCE, RACE, PERCEPTIONS

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MLA
Depauw, Hilde, et al. “The Development of the Broaching Assessment Scale : A Client-Rated Measure of Therapists’ Broaching Behaviour in Clinical Counselling.” PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH, vol. 35, no. 3, 2025, pp. 424–40, doi:10.1080/10503307.2024.2301948.
APA
Depauw, H., Van Hiel, A., Talal, H., Dierckx, K., Geenen, F., Valcke, B., & De Clercq, B. (2025). The development of the Broaching Assessment Scale : a client-rated measure of therapists’ broaching behaviour in clinical counselling. PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH, 35(3), 424–440. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2024.2301948
Chicago author-date
Depauw, Hilde, Alain Van Hiel, Hafsa Talal, Kim Dierckx, Fien Geenen, Barbara Valcke, and Barbara De Clercq. 2025. “The Development of the Broaching Assessment Scale : A Client-Rated Measure of Therapists’ Broaching Behaviour in Clinical Counselling.” PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 35 (3): 424–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2024.2301948.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Depauw, Hilde, Alain Van Hiel, Hafsa Talal, Kim Dierckx, Fien Geenen, Barbara Valcke, and Barbara De Clercq. 2025. “The Development of the Broaching Assessment Scale : A Client-Rated Measure of Therapists’ Broaching Behaviour in Clinical Counselling.” PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 35 (3): 424–440. doi:10.1080/10503307.2024.2301948.
Vancouver
1.
Depauw H, Van Hiel A, Talal H, Dierckx K, Geenen F, Valcke B, et al. The development of the Broaching Assessment Scale : a client-rated measure of therapists’ broaching behaviour in clinical counselling. PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH. 2025;35(3):424–40.
IEEE
[1]
H. Depauw et al., “The development of the Broaching Assessment Scale : a client-rated measure of therapists’ broaching behaviour in clinical counselling,” PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 424–440, 2025.
@article{01HNN21W35KGEW1SH7KPQHZ5FT,
  abstract     = {{Objective: Addressing ethnic-cultural topics during the process of psychotherapy, i.e. broaching, is considered highly important for ethnic minority clients who consult mental health care services. Surprisingly little is known, however, about clients' perception of a therapist's broaching qualities, and how clients' mental construction of broaching translates into behavioural broaching acts a therapist may display.Method: Based on previous work and nine in-depth interviews with ethnic minority clients, a client-rated measure of therapists' broaching behaviour was developed and psychometrically evaluated in two samples. Sample 1 (N = 252 UK ethnic minority clients) was used to empirically delineate the factor structure of an initial item set. Participants were then resolicited to complete a revised item pool.Results: The empirical structure resulted in a final 25-item broaching instrument with five subscales probing into therapists' broaching behaviour. This Broaching Assessment Scale (BrAS) was validated in Sample 2 (N = 239 US ethnic minority clients). Strict measurement invariance of the factor structure was observed across the two samples and distinctive correlational patterns with therapeutic process measures were found.Conclusion: The BrAS provides new insights on how sensitivity to ethnic-cultural topics can be targeted along its concrete features, and is a promising tool for conceptualizing culturally sensitive mental healthcare assessment.}},
  author       = {{Depauw, Hilde and Van Hiel, Alain and Talal, Hafsa and Dierckx, Kim and Geenen, Fien and Valcke, Barbara and De Clercq, Barbara}},
  issn         = {{1050-3307}},
  journal      = {{PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH}},
  keywords     = {{Clinical Psychology,broaching,scale development,ethnic minority clients,multicultural,orientation framework,psychotherapy process,MULTICULTURAL ORIENTATION,RACIAL MICROAGGRESSIONS,RACIAL/ETHNIC,DISPARITIES,PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES,MEASUREMENT INVARIANCE,AFRICAN-AMERICAN,FIT INDEXES,ALLIANCE,RACE,PERCEPTIONS}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{3}},
  pages        = {{424--440}},
  title        = {{The development of the Broaching Assessment Scale : a client-rated measure of therapists’ broaching behaviour in clinical counselling}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2024.2301948}},
  volume       = {{35}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}
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