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Measuring upper limb active joint position sense : introducing a new clinical tool : The Upper Limb Proprioception Reaching Test

Amanda Ager (UGent) , Jean-Sebastien Roy, Luc J. Hebert, Marianne Roos, Dorien Borms (UGent) and Ann Cools (UGent)
(2023) MUSCULOSKELETAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 66.
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Abstract
Background: Proprioception is our sense of body awareness, including the sub-category of active joint position sense (AJPS). AJPS is fundamental to joint stability and movement coordination. Despite its importance, there remain few confident ways to measure upper limb AJPS in a clinic.Objective: To assess a new AJPS clinical tool, the Upper Limb Proprioception Reaching Test (PRO-Reach; seven targets), for discriminant validity, intra-rater and absolute reliability.Design: Cross-sectional measurement study.Methods: Seventy-five healthy participants took part in a single session with 2 consecutive evaluations (E1 and E2) (within-day reliability). Twenty participants were randomly selected to perform a dominant shoulder fatigue protocol (discriminant validity), whereafter a third evaluation was repeated (E3). The PRO-Reach was analyzed with paired t tests (discriminant validity), intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and minimal detectable change [MDC]) (intra-rater: within-day and between-trial relative and absolute reliability).Results: The PRO-Reach supports moderate (mostly superior targets) to excellent (mostly inferior targets) reli-ability. Between-trial ICCs (T1/T2/T3) varied between 0.72 and 0.90, and within-day (E1/E2) ICCs between 0.45 and 0.72, with associated MDC95 values (3.9-5.0 cm). The overall scores (seven targets) supported the strongest within-day reliability (ICC = 0.77). The inferior targets demonstrated the highest between-trial and within-day reliability (ICCs = 0.90 and 0.72). A fatigue effect was found with the superior and superior-lateral targets (P < .05).Conclusions: The inferior targets and overall scores demonstrate the strongest reliability. The use of the PRO-Reach tool may be suitable for clinical use upon further psychometric testing amongst pathological populations.Level of evidence: Level III cross-sectional study.
Keywords
Upper limb, Active joint position sense, Proprioception, Validity, Reliability, TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY, SHOULDER PROPRIOCEPTION, PERCEIVED EXERTION, NEURAL BASIS, EXERCISE, PEOPLE

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MLA
Ager, Amanda, et al. “Measuring Upper Limb Active Joint Position Sense : Introducing a New Clinical Tool : The Upper Limb Proprioception Reaching Test.” MUSCULOSKELETAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE, vol. 66, 2023, doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102829.
APA
Ager, A., Roy, J.-S., Hebert, L. J., Roos, M., Borms, D., & Cools, A. (2023). Measuring upper limb active joint position sense : introducing a new clinical tool : The Upper Limb Proprioception Reaching Test. MUSCULOSKELETAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE, 66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102829
Chicago author-date
Ager, Amanda, Jean-Sebastien Roy, Luc J. Hebert, Marianne Roos, Dorien Borms, and Ann Cools. 2023. “Measuring Upper Limb Active Joint Position Sense : Introducing a New Clinical Tool : The Upper Limb Proprioception Reaching Test.” MUSCULOSKELETAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102829.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Ager, Amanda, Jean-Sebastien Roy, Luc J. Hebert, Marianne Roos, Dorien Borms, and Ann Cools. 2023. “Measuring Upper Limb Active Joint Position Sense : Introducing a New Clinical Tool : The Upper Limb Proprioception Reaching Test.” MUSCULOSKELETAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 66. doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102829.
Vancouver
1.
Ager A, Roy J-S, Hebert LJ, Roos M, Borms D, Cools A. Measuring upper limb active joint position sense : introducing a new clinical tool : The Upper Limb Proprioception Reaching Test. MUSCULOSKELETAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 2023;66.
IEEE
[1]
A. Ager, J.-S. Roy, L. J. Hebert, M. Roos, D. Borms, and A. Cools, “Measuring upper limb active joint position sense : introducing a new clinical tool : The Upper Limb Proprioception Reaching Test,” MUSCULOSKELETAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE, vol. 66, 2023.
@article{01HM98P77WCQGJ3R5NX9JN5HYY,
  abstract     = {{Background: Proprioception is our sense of body awareness, including the sub-category of active joint position sense (AJPS). AJPS is fundamental to joint stability and movement coordination. Despite its importance, there remain few confident ways to measure upper limb AJPS in a clinic.Objective: To assess a new AJPS clinical tool, the Upper Limb Proprioception Reaching Test (PRO-Reach; seven targets), for discriminant validity, intra-rater and absolute reliability.Design: Cross-sectional measurement study.Methods: Seventy-five healthy participants took part in a single session with 2 consecutive evaluations (E1 and E2) (within-day reliability). Twenty participants were randomly selected to perform a dominant shoulder fatigue protocol (discriminant validity), whereafter a third evaluation was repeated (E3). The PRO-Reach was analyzed with paired t tests (discriminant validity), intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and minimal detectable change [MDC]) (intra-rater: within-day and between-trial relative and absolute reliability).Results: The PRO-Reach supports moderate (mostly superior targets) to excellent (mostly inferior targets) reli-ability. Between-trial ICCs (T1/T2/T3) varied between 0.72 and 0.90, and within-day (E1/E2) ICCs between 0.45 and 0.72, with associated MDC95 values (3.9-5.0 cm). The overall scores (seven targets) supported the strongest within-day reliability (ICC = 0.77). The inferior targets demonstrated the highest between-trial and within-day reliability (ICCs = 0.90 and 0.72). A fatigue effect was found with the superior and superior-lateral targets (P < .05).Conclusions: The inferior targets and overall scores demonstrate the strongest reliability. The use of the PRO-Reach tool may be suitable for clinical use upon further psychometric testing amongst pathological populations.Level of evidence: Level III cross-sectional study.}},
  articleno    = {{102829}},
  author       = {{Ager, Amanda and Roy, Jean-Sebastien and Hebert, Luc J. and Roos, Marianne and Borms, Dorien and Cools, Ann}},
  issn         = {{2468-7812}},
  journal      = {{MUSCULOSKELETAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE}},
  keywords     = {{Upper limb,Active joint position sense,Proprioception,Validity,Reliability,TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY,SHOULDER PROPRIOCEPTION,PERCEIVED EXERTION,NEURAL BASIS,EXERCISE,PEOPLE}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{8}},
  title        = {{Measuring upper limb active joint position sense : introducing a new clinical tool : The Upper Limb Proprioception Reaching Test}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102829}},
  volume       = {{66}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}
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