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Diversity and connectedness of brine shrimp viruses in global hypersaline ecosystems

(2024) SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES. 67(1). p.188-203
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Abstract
Brine shrimp (Artemia) has existed on Earth for 400 million years and has major ecological importance in hypersaline ecosystems. As a crucial live food in aquaculture, brine shrimp cysts have become one of the most important aquatic products traded worldwide. However, our understanding of the biodiversity, prevalence and global connectedness of viruses in brine shrimp is still very limited. A total of 143 batches of brine shrimp (belonging to seven species) cysts were collected from six continents including 21 countries and more than 100 geographic locations worldwide during 1977-2019. In total, 55 novel RNA viruses were identified, which could be assigned to 18 different viral families and related clades. Eleven viruses were dsRNA viruses, 16 were +ssRNA viruses, and 28 were-ssRNA viruses. Phylogenetic analyses of the RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRp) showed that brine shrimp viruses were often grouped with viruses isolated from other invertebrates and fungi. Remarkably, most brine shrimp viruses were related to those from different hosts that might feed on brine shrimp or share the same ecological niche. A notable case was the novel brine shrimp noda-like virus 3, which shared 79.25% (RdRp) and 63.88% (capsid proteins) amino acid identity with covert mortality nodavirus (CMNV) that may cause losses in aquaculture. In addition, both virome composition and phylogenetic analyses revealed global connectedness in certain brine shrimp viruses, particularly among Asia and Northern America. This highlights the incredible species diversity of viruses in these ancient species and provides essential data for the prevalence of RNA viruses in the global aquaculture industry. More broadly, these findings provide novel insights into the previously unrecognized RNA virosphere in hypersaline ecosystems worldwide and demonstrate that human activity might have driven the global connectedness of brine shrimp viruses.
Keywords
ARTEMIA-FRANCISCANA, NODAVIRUS, MORTALITY, ALIGNMENT, POPULATIONS, CRUSTACEA, VECTOR, SPP., brine shrimp, Artemia, virus diversity, novel virus discovery, global connectedness, hypersaline ecosystem

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MLA
Dong, Xuan, et al. “Diversity and Connectedness of Brine Shrimp Viruses in Global Hypersaline Ecosystems.” SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES, vol. 67, no. 1, 2024, pp. 188–203, doi:10.1007/s11427-022-2366-8.
APA
Dong, X., Li, C., Wang, Y., Hu, T., Zhang, F., Meng, F., … Shi, W. (2024). Diversity and connectedness of brine shrimp viruses in global hypersaline ecosystems. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES, 67(1), 188–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-022-2366-8
Chicago author-date
Dong, Xuan, Cixiu Li, Yiting Wang, Tao Hu, Fan Zhang, Fanzeng Meng, Meirong Gao, et al. 2024. “Diversity and Connectedness of Brine Shrimp Viruses in Global Hypersaline Ecosystems.” SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 67 (1): 188–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-022-2366-8.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Dong, Xuan, Cixiu Li, Yiting Wang, Tao Hu, Fan Zhang, Fanzeng Meng, Meirong Gao, Xuekai Han, Guohao Wang, Jiahao Qin, Hans Nauwynck, Edward C. Holmes, Patrick Sorgeloos, Liying Sui, Jie Huang, and Weifeng Shi. 2024. “Diversity and Connectedness of Brine Shrimp Viruses in Global Hypersaline Ecosystems.” SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 67 (1): 188–203. doi:10.1007/s11427-022-2366-8.
Vancouver
1.
Dong X, Li C, Wang Y, Hu T, Zhang F, Meng F, et al. Diversity and connectedness of brine shrimp viruses in global hypersaline ecosystems. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES. 2024;67(1):188–203.
IEEE
[1]
X. Dong et al., “Diversity and connectedness of brine shrimp viruses in global hypersaline ecosystems,” SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 188–203, 2024.
@article{01HM8NJ9MW4WAQCYJ5214XASSS,
  abstract     = {{Brine shrimp (Artemia) has existed on Earth for 400 million years and has major ecological importance in hypersaline ecosystems. As a crucial live food in aquaculture, brine shrimp cysts have become one of the most important aquatic products traded worldwide. However, our understanding of the biodiversity, prevalence and global connectedness of viruses in brine shrimp is still very limited. A total of 143 batches of brine shrimp (belonging to seven species) cysts were collected from six continents including 21 countries and more than 100 geographic locations worldwide during 1977-2019. In total, 55 novel RNA viruses were identified, which could be assigned to 18 different viral families and related clades. Eleven viruses were dsRNA viruses, 16 were +ssRNA viruses, and 28 were-ssRNA viruses. Phylogenetic analyses of the RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRp) showed that brine shrimp viruses were often grouped with viruses isolated from other invertebrates and fungi. Remarkably, most brine shrimp viruses were related to those from different hosts that might feed on brine shrimp or share the same ecological niche. A notable case was the novel brine shrimp noda-like virus 3, which shared 79.25% (RdRp) and 63.88% (capsid proteins) amino acid identity with covert mortality nodavirus (CMNV) that may cause losses in aquaculture. In addition, both virome composition and phylogenetic analyses revealed global connectedness in certain brine shrimp viruses, particularly among Asia and Northern America. This highlights the incredible species diversity of viruses in these ancient species and provides essential data for the prevalence of RNA viruses in the global aquaculture industry. More broadly, these findings provide novel insights into the previously unrecognized RNA virosphere in hypersaline ecosystems worldwide and demonstrate that human activity might have driven the global connectedness of brine shrimp viruses.}},
  author       = {{Dong, Xuan and  Li, Cixiu and  Wang, Yiting and  Hu, Tao and  Zhang, Fan and  Meng, Fanzeng and  Gao, Meirong and  Han, Xuekai and  Wang, Guohao and  Qin, Jiahao and Nauwynck, Hans and  Holmes, Edward C. and Sorgeloos, Patrick and  Sui, Liying and  Huang, Jie and  Shi, Weifeng}},
  issn         = {{1674-7305}},
  journal      = {{SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES}},
  keywords     = {{ARTEMIA-FRANCISCANA,NODAVIRUS,MORTALITY,ALIGNMENT,POPULATIONS,CRUSTACEA,VECTOR,SPP.,brine shrimp,Artemia,virus diversity,novel virus discovery,global connectedness,hypersaline ecosystem}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{188--203}},
  title        = {{Diversity and connectedness of brine shrimp viruses in global hypersaline ecosystems}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-022-2366-8}},
  volume       = {{67}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

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