@article{01HKANYEW23P25QF91WWXVGY0M,
  abstract     = {{Understanding what controls global leaf type variation in trees is crucial for comprehending their role in terrestrial ecosystems, including carbon, water and nutrient dynamics. Yet our understanding of the factors influencing forest leaf types remains incomplete, leaving us uncertain about the global proportions of needle-leaved, broadleaved, evergreen and deciduous trees. To address these gaps, we conducted a global, ground-sourced assessment of forest leaf-type variation by integrating forest inventory data with comprehensive leaf form (broadleaf vs needle-leaf) and habit (evergreen vs deciduous) records. We found that global variation in leaf habit is primarily driven by isothermality and soil characteristics, while leaf form is predominantly driven by temperature. Given these relationships, we estimate that 38% of global tree individuals are needle-leaved evergreen, 29% are broadleaved evergreen, 27% are broadleaved deciduous and 5% are needle-leaved deciduous. The aboveground biomass distribution among these tree types is approximately 21% (126.4 Gt), 54% (335.7 Gt), 22% (136.2 Gt) and 3% (18.7 Gt), respectively. We further project that, depending on future emissions pathways, 17–34% of forested areas will experience climate conditions by the end of the century that currently support a different forest type, highlighting the intensification of climatic stress on existing forests. By quantifying the distribution of tree leaf types and their corresponding biomass, and identifying regions where climate change will exert greatest pressure on current leaf types, our results can help improve predictions of future terrestrial ecosystem functioning and carbon cycling.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Ma, Haozhi and Crowther, Thomas W. and Mo, Lidong and Maynard, Daniel S. and Renner, Susanne S. and van den Hoogen, Johan and Zou, Yibiao and Liang, Jingjing and de-Miguel, Sergio and Nabuurs, Gert-Jan and Reich, Peter B. and Niinemets, Ülo and Abegg, Meinrad and Adou Yao, Yves C. and Alberti, Giorgio and Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M. and Alvarado, Braulio Vilchez and Alvarez-Dávila, Esteban and Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia and Alves, Luciana F. and Ammer, Christian and Antón-Fernández, Clara and Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro and Arroyo, Luzmila and Avitabile, Valerio and Aymard, Gerardo A. and Baker, Timothy R. and Bałazy, Radomir and Banki, Olaf and Barroso, Jorcely G. and Bastian, Meredith L. and Bastin, Jean-Francois and Birigazzi, Luca and Birnbaum, Philippe and Bitariho, Robert and Boeckx, Pascal and Bongers, Frans and Bouriaud, Olivier and Brancalion, Pedro H. S. and Brandl, Susanne and Brearley, Francis Q. and Brienen, Roel and Broadbent, Eben N. and Bruelheide, Helge and Bussotti, Filippo and Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto and César, Ricardo G. and Cesljar, Goran and Chazdon, Robin and Chen, Han Y. H. and Chisholm, Chelsea and Cho, Hyunkook and Cienciala, Emil and Clark, Connie and Clark, David and Colletta, Gabriel D. and Coomes, David A. and Valverde, Fernando Cornejo and Corral-Rivas, José J. and Crim, Philip M. and Cumming, Jonathan R. and Dayanandan, Selvadurai and de Gasper, André L. and Decuyper, Mathieu and Derroire, Géraldine and DeVries, Ben and Djordjevic, Ilija and Dolezal, Jiri and Dourdain, Aurélie and Engone Obiang, Nestor Laurier and Enquist, Brian J. and Eyre, Teresa J. and Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain and Fayle, Tom M. and Feldpausch, Ted R. and Ferreira, Leandro V. and Finér, Leena and Fischer, Markus and Fletcher, Christine and Fridman, Jonas and Frizzera, Lorenzo and Gamarra, Javier G. P. and Gianelle, Damiano and Glick, Henry B. and Harris, David J. and Hector, Andrew and Hemp, Andreas and Hengeveld, Geerten and Hérault, Bruno and Herbohn, John L. and Herold, Martin and Hillers, Annika and Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N. and Hui, Cang and Ibanez, Thomas T. and Amaral, Iêda and Imai, Nobuo and Jagodziński, Andrzej M. and Jaroszewicz, Bogdan and Johannsen, Vivian Kvist and Joly, Carlos A. and Jucker, Tommaso and Jung, Ilbin and Karminov, Viktor and Kartawinata, Kuswata and Kearsley, Elizabeth and Kenfack, David and Kennard, Deborah K. and Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian and Keppel, Gunnar and Khan, Mohammed Latif and Killeen, Timothy J. and Kim, Hyun Seok and Kitayama, Kanehiro and Köhl, Michael and Korjus, Henn and Kraxner, Florian and Kucher, Dmitry and Laarmann, Diana and Lang, Mait and Lewis, Simon L. and Lu, Huicui and Lukina, Natalia V. and Maitner, Brian S. and Malhi, Yadvinder and Marcon, Eric and Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes and Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur and Marshall, Andrew R. and Martin, Emanuel H. and Meave, Jorge A. and Melo-Cruz, Omar and Mendoza, Casimiro and Merow, Cory and Monteagudo Mendoza, Abel and Moreno, Vanessa S. and Mukul, Sharif A. and Mundhenk, Philip and Nava-Miranda, María Guadalupe and Neill, David and Neldner, Victor J. and Nevenic, Radovan V. and Ngugi, Michael R. and Niklaus, Pascal A. and Oleksyn, Jacek and Ontikov, Petr and Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar and Pan, Yude and Paquette, Alain and Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander and Parfenova, Elena I. and Park, Minjee and Parren, Marc and Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy and Peri, Pablo L. and Pfautsch, Sebastian and Phillips, Oliver L. and Picard, Nicolas and Piedade, Maria Teresa F. and Piotto, Daniel and Pitman, Nigel C. A. and Mendoza-Polo, Irina and Poulsen, Axel D. and Poulsen, John R. and Pretzsch, Hans and Ramirez Arevalo, Freddy and Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda and Rodeghiero, Mirco and Rolim, Samir G. and Roopsind, Anand and Rovero, Francesco and Rutishauser, Ervan and Saikia, Purabi and Salas-Eljatib, Christian and Saner, Philippe and Schall, Peter and Schelhaas, Mart-Jan and Schepaschenko, Dmitry and Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael and Schmid, Bernhard and Schöngart, Jochen and Searle, Eric B. and Seben, Vladimír and Serra-Diaz, Josep M. and Sheil, Douglas and Shvidenko, Anatoly Z. and Silva-Espejo, Javier E. and Silveira, Marcos and Singh, James and Sist, Plinio and Slik, Ferry and Sonké, Bonaventure and Souza, Alexandre F. and Miścicki, Stanislaw and Stereńczak, Krzysztof J. and Svenning, Jens-Christian and Svoboda, Miroslav and Swanepoel, Ben and Targhetta, Natalia and Tchebakova, Nadja and ter Steege, Hans and Thomas, Raquel and Tikhonova, Elena and Umunay, Peter M. and Usoltsev, Vladimir A. and Valencia, Renato and Valladares, Fernando and van der Plas, Fons and Van Do, Tran and van Nuland, Michael E. and Vasquez, Rodolfo M. and Verbeeck, Hans and Viana, Helder and Vibrans, Alexander C. and Vieira, Simone and von Gadow, Klaus and Wang, Hua-Feng and Watson, James V. and Werner, Gijsbert D. A. and Westerlund, Bertil and Wiser, Susan K. and Wittmann, Florian and Woell, Hannsjoerg and Wortel, Verginia and Zagt, Roderick and Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, Tomasz and Zhang, Chunyu and Zhao, Xiuhai and Zhou, Mo and Zhu, Zhi-Xin and Zo-Bi, Irie C. and Zohner, Constantin M.}},
  issn         = {{2055-026X}},
  journal      = {{NATURE PLANTS}},
  keywords     = {{Biogeography,Ecology,cavelab,CLIMATE-CHANGE,EVERGREEN,VEGETATION,FORESTS,AVAILABILITY,WORLDS,LIFE,CO2,DECIDUOUSNESS,CONVERGENCE,CBCE}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{11}},
  pages        = {{1795--1809}},
  title        = {{The global biogeography of tree leaf form and habit}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-023-01543-5}},
  volume       = {{9}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

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