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An umbrella review of the benefits and risks associated with youths’ interactions with electronic screens

Taren Sanders, Michael Noetel, Philip Parker, Borja Del Pozo Cruz, Stuart Biddle, Rimante Ronto, Ryan Hulteen, Rhiannon Parker, George Thomas, Katrien De Cocker (UGent) , et al.
(2024) NATURE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR. 8(1). p.82-99
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Abstract
The influence of electronic screens on the health of children and adolescents and their education is not well understood. In this prospectively registered umbrella review (PROSPERO identifier CRD42017076051 ), we harmonized effects from 102 meta-analyses (2,451 primary studies; 1,937,501 participants) of screen time and outcomes. In total, 43 effects from 32 meta-analyses met our criteria for statistical certainty. Meta-analyses of associations between screen use and outcomes showed small-to-moderate effects (range: r = -0.14 to 0.33). In education, results were mixed; for example, screen use was negatively associated with literacy (r = -0.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.20 to -0.09, P ≤ 0.001, k = 38, N = 18,318), but this effect was positive when parents watched with their children (r = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.28, P = 0.028, k = 12, N = 6,083). In health, we found evidence for several small negative associations; for example, social media was associated with depression (r = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.05 to 0.19, P ≤ 0.001, k = 12, N = 93,740). Limitations of our review include the limited number of studies for each outcome, medium-to-high risk of bias in 95 out of 102 included meta-analyses and high heterogeneity (17 out of 22 in education and 20 out of 21 in health with I2 > 50%). We recommend that caregivers and policymakers carefully weigh the evidence for potential harms and benefits of specific types of screen use.
Keywords
Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Social Psychology

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Citation

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MLA
Sanders, Taren, et al. “An Umbrella Review of the Benefits and Risks Associated with Youths’ Interactions with Electronic Screens.” NATURE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR, vol. 8, no. 1, 2024, pp. 82–99, doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01712-8.
APA
Sanders, T., Noetel, M., Parker, P., Del Pozo Cruz, B., Biddle, S., Ronto, R., … Lonsdale, C. (2024). An umbrella review of the benefits and risks associated with youths’ interactions with electronic screens. NATURE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR, 8(1), 82–99. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01712-8
Chicago author-date
Sanders, Taren, Michael Noetel, Philip Parker, Borja Del Pozo Cruz, Stuart Biddle, Rimante Ronto, Ryan Hulteen, et al. 2024. “An Umbrella Review of the Benefits and Risks Associated with Youths’ Interactions with Electronic Screens.” NATURE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR 8 (1): 82–99. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01712-8.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Sanders, Taren, Michael Noetel, Philip Parker, Borja Del Pozo Cruz, Stuart Biddle, Rimante Ronto, Ryan Hulteen, Rhiannon Parker, George Thomas, Katrien De Cocker, Jo Salmon, Kylie Hesketh, Nicole Weeks, Hugh Arnott, Emma Devine, Roberta Vasconcellos, Rebecca Pagano, Jamie Sherson, James Conigrave, and Chris Lonsdale. 2024. “An Umbrella Review of the Benefits and Risks Associated with Youths’ Interactions with Electronic Screens.” NATURE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR 8 (1): 82–99. doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01712-8.
Vancouver
1.
Sanders T, Noetel M, Parker P, Del Pozo Cruz B, Biddle S, Ronto R, et al. An umbrella review of the benefits and risks associated with youths’ interactions with electronic screens. NATURE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR. 2024;8(1):82–99.
IEEE
[1]
T. Sanders et al., “An umbrella review of the benefits and risks associated with youths’ interactions with electronic screens,” NATURE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 82–99, 2024.
@article{01HJ16PCC9K988MJ62Y95BJ3GD,
  abstract     = {{The influence of electronic screens on the health of children and adolescents and their education is not well understood. In this prospectively registered umbrella review (PROSPERO identifier CRD42017076051 ), we harmonized effects from 102 meta-analyses (2,451 primary studies; 1,937,501 participants) of screen time and outcomes. In total, 43 effects from 32 meta-analyses met our criteria for statistical certainty. Meta-analyses of associations between screen use and outcomes showed small-to-moderate effects (range: r = -0.14 to 0.33). In education, results were mixed; for example, screen use was negatively associated with literacy (r = -0.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.20 to -0.09, P ≤ 0.001, k = 38, N = 18,318), but this effect was positive when parents watched with their children (r = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.28, P = 0.028, k = 12, N = 6,083). In health, we found evidence for several small negative associations; for example, social media was associated with depression (r = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.05 to 0.19, P ≤ 0.001, k = 12, N = 93,740). Limitations of our review include the limited number of studies for each outcome, medium-to-high risk of bias in 95 out of 102 included meta-analyses and high heterogeneity (17 out of 22 in education and 20 out of 21 in health with I2 > 50%). We recommend that caregivers and policymakers carefully weigh the evidence for potential harms and benefits of specific types of screen use.}},
  author       = {{Sanders, Taren and Noetel, Michael and Parker, Philip and Del Pozo Cruz, Borja and Biddle, Stuart and Ronto, Rimante and Hulteen, Ryan and Parker, Rhiannon and Thomas, George and De Cocker, Katrien and Salmon, Jo and Hesketh, Kylie and Weeks, Nicole and Arnott, Hugh and Devine, Emma and Vasconcellos, Roberta and Pagano, Rebecca and Sherson, Jamie and Conigrave, James and Lonsdale, Chris}},
  issn         = {{2397-3374}},
  journal      = {{NATURE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR}},
  keywords     = {{Behavioral Neuroscience,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology,Social Psychology}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{82--99}},
  title        = {{An umbrella review of the benefits and risks associated with youths’ interactions with electronic screens}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01712-8}},
  volume       = {{8}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}
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