@article{01HJ0R49NBHPSVPQWNBA9GZ3RD,
  abstract     = {{Proper management of within-field variability is crucial for maximizing crop yield, production outcomes and resource use efficiency and reducing environmental impacts. This study evaluated the agroeconomic and environmental feasibilities of site-specific nitrogen fertilization (SNF) in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). On-line visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy was used to estimate soil pH, organic carbon (OC), soil organic matter (SOM), P, K, Mg, Ca, Na, moisture content (MC), Ca:Mg and K:Mg for one field in Spain. Normalized difference vegetation indexes of the previous crop were retrieved from Sentine-2 images. Rasterization of soil and crop data layers created a spatially homogenous dataset followed by delineation of a management zone (MZ) map using a k-means cluster analysis. MZ clusters were ranked relying on the within-cluster soil fertility attributes. A strip experiment was conducted by creating parallel stripes distributed over the MZ map, over which two SNF treatments (i.e., SNF-Kings approach [KA] and SNF-Robin Hood approach [RHA]) were compared against the uniform rate N (URN) control treatment. In SNF-KA, the highest and lowest N dose was applied in the most and least fertile MZ, respectively, whereas the opposite approach was adopted in the SNF-RHA treatment. Yield and cost-benefit analyses provided both SNF treatments to produce more yield (KA = 2.72 and RHA = 2.74 t ha-1) than the URN (2.64 t ha-1) treatment, leading to increasing gross margins by EUR 91 ha-1 (SNF-KA) and EUR 88.5 ha-1 (SNF-RHA). While SNF-KA reduced N input by 66.54 kg N ha-1, SNF-RHA applied more N by 17.90 kg N ha-1 than URN. Additionally, SNF-RHA attempted to equalize yield responses to N across MZ classes, with a small increase in N input. This study, therefore, suggests adopting SNF-RHA for increasing yield and gross margin and accurate distribution of N according to per MZ N response. Future studies, however, should address the limitations of the current study by delineating MZ maps with the incorporation of additional soil information (e.g., mineral N and clay) for optimizing N doses as well as evaluating agroeconomic performance across multiple sites and years using a full-budget analysis.
}},
  articleno    = {{5442}},
  author       = {{Munnaf, Muhammad Abdul and Guerrero, Angela and Calera, Maria and Mouazen, Abdul}},
  issn         = {{2072-4292}},
  journal      = {{REMOTE SENSING}},
  keywords     = {{General Earth and Planetary Sciences,precision N fertilization,soil sensing and modeling,spatial analytics,multi-sources data fusion,production function,VARIABLE-RATE FERTILIZATION,NEAR-INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY,SOIL PROPERTIES,ONLINE MEASUREMENT,MANAGEMENT ZONES,IN-SITU,PHOSPHORUS,YIELD,MAGNESIUM,QUALITY}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{23}},
  pages        = {{19}},
  title        = {{Precision nitrogen fertilization for opium poppy using combined proximal and remote sensor data fusion}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235442}},
  volume       = {{15}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

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