@inproceedings{01HG8PHFW00QZ5V883NQJCSYSJ,
  abstract     = {{Background: 3D electro-anatomical mapping has been described to diagnose arrhythmias in horses but requires expensive equipment and (long) general anesthesia. Multiple catheter mapping, with catheters at strategic locations, is used in humans and dogs but requires fluoroscopy, an imaging technique that is poorly feasible in horses.
Aims: To perform multiple catheter mapping under transthoracic ultrasound guidance in the standing horse during sinus rhythm and right atrial (RA) pacing, and to describe electrical activation patterns.
Methods: In four standing, sedated horses, four decapolar catheters were positioned under ultrasound guidance at the crista terminalis, tuberculum intervenosum, caudal vena cava and coronary sinus (CS) for pacing and electrogram recording. A fifth catheter was used to pace from cranial vena cava, RA free wall and RA appendage. Atrial activation patterns were recorded for sinus rhythm and for each pacing site.
Results: The earliest activation in sinus rhythm was crista(0ms), followed by tuberculum(44±9ms), caudal cava(93±14ms), CS(126±13ms). Pacing from the crista(0ms) activated tuberculum(59±6ms), caudal cava(104±15ms), CS(149±16ms). Activation pattern from the tuberculum(0ms) was: crista(59±6ms), caudal cava(63±27ms), CS(107±11ms). Caudal vena cava(0ms) pacing activated tuberculum(56±18ms), crista(108±10ms), CS(115±17ms). Pacing the CS(0ms) activated tuberculum(115±12ms), caudal cava(130±7ms), crista(144±5ms). Pacing the RA free wall, just dorsally to the tricuspid valve(0ms) activated tuberculum(42±17ms), crista(74±27), caudal cava(80±39ms), CS(139±14ms). Pacing the RA appendage(0ms) activated crista(37±6ms), tuberculum(81±18ms), caudal cava(130±19ms), CS(172±19ms). Pacing the cranial cava(0ms) activated tuberculum(74±33ms), crista(99±18ms), caudal cava(140±12ms), CS(176±21ms).
Conclusions: Multiple catheter recording under ultrasound guidance is feasible in the standing, sedated horse. These data can be helpful to find the origin of atrial ectopic rhythms.}},
  author       = {{Buschmann, Eva and Van Steenkiste, Glenn and Vernemmen, Ingrid and Demeyere, Marie and Decloedt, Annelies and van Loon, Gunther}},
  booktitle    = {{Veterinary Cardiovascular Society, Autumn meeting, Abstracts}},
  keywords     = {{Equine cardiology,electrophysiology}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  location     = {{Warwick, UK}},
  pages        = {{54--55}},
  title        = {{Multiple catheter recording to investigate the normal and abnormal right atrial activation pattern in horses}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}