@article{01HEZBC2Z8JJWBMRC1Q0BZ9R8S,
  abstract     = {{Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29–39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.}},
  author       = {{NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC), [missing] and Zhou, Bin and Sheffer, Kate E. and Bennett, James E. and Gregg, Edward W. and Danaei, Goodarz and Singleton, Rosie K. and Shaw, Jonathan E. and Mishra, Anu and Lhoste, Victor P. F. and Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M. and Kengne, Andre P. and Phelps, Nowell H. and Heap, Rachel A. and Rayner, Archie W. and Stevens, Gretchen A. and Paciorek, Chris J. and Riley, Leanne M. and Cowan, Melanie J. and Savin, Stefan and Vander Hoorn, Stephen and Lu, Yuan and Pavkov, Meda E. and Imperatore, Giuseppina and Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A. and Ahmad, Noor Ani and Anjana, Ranjit Mohan and Davletov, Kairat and Farzadfar, Farshad and González-Villalpando, Clicerio and Khang, Young-Ho and Kim, Hyeon Chang and Laatikainen, Tiina and Laxmaiah, Avula and Mbanya, Jean Claude N. and Narayan, K. M. Venkat and Ramachandran, Ambady and Wade, Alisha N. and Zdrojewski, Tomasz and Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen and Rahim, Hanan F. Abdul and Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. and Adambekov, Shalkar and Adams, Robert J. and Aekplakorn, Wichai and Agdeppa, Imelda A. and Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad and Agyemang, Charles and Ahmadi, Ali and Ahmadi, Naser and Ahmadi, Nastaran and Ahmed, Soheir H. and Ajlouni, Kamel and Al-Hinai, Halima and Al-Lahou, Badreya and Al-Lawati, Jawad A. and Asfoor, Deena Al and Al Qaoud, Nawal M. and Alarouj, Monira and AlBuhairan, Fadia and AlDhukair, Shahla and Aldwairji, Maryam A. and Ali, Mohamed M. and Alinezhad, Farbod and Alkandari, Abdullah and Alomirah, Husam F. and Aly, Eman and Amarapurkar, Deepak N. and Andersen, Lars Bo and Anderssen, Sigmund A. and Andrade, Dolores S. and Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza and Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer and Aris, Tahir and Arlappa, Nimmathota and Aryal, Krishna K. and Assah, Felix K. and Assembekov, Batyrbek and Auvinen, Juha and Avdičová, Mária and Azad, Kishwar and Azimi-Nezhad, Mohsen and Azizi, Fereidoun and Bacopoulou, Flora and Balakrishna, Nagalla and Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed and Banach, Maciej and Bandosz, Piotr and Banegas, José R. and Barbagallo, Carlo M. and Barceló, Alberto and Baretić, Maja and Barrera, Lena and Basit, Abdul and Batieha, Anwar M. and Batista, Aline P. and Baur, Louise A. and Belavendra, Antonisamy and Ben Romdhane, Habiba and Benet, Mikhail and Berkinbayev, Salim and Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio and Berrios Carrasola, Ximena and Bettiol, Heloísa and Beybey, Augustin F. and Bhargava, Santosh K. and Bika Lele, Elysée Claude and Bikbov, Mukharram M. and Bista, Bihungum and Bjerregaard, Peter and Bjertness, Espen and Bjertness, Marius B. and Björkelund, Cecilia and Bloch, Katia V. and Blokstra, Anneke and Bo, Simona and Bobak, Martin and Boggia, Jose G. and Bonaccio, Marialaura and Bonilla-Vargas, Alice and Borghs, Herman and Bovet, Pascal and Brajkovich, Imperia and Brenner, Hermann and Brewster, Lizzy M. and Brian, Garry R. and Briceño, Yajaira and Brito, Miguel and Bugge, Anna and Buntinx, Frank and Cabrera de León, Antonio and Caixeta, Roberta B. and Can, Günay and Cândido, Ana Paula C. and Capanzana, Mario V. and Čapková, Naděžda and Capuano, Eduardo and Capuano, Rocco and Capuano, Vincenzo and Cardoso, Viviane C. and Carlsson, Axel C. and Casanueva, Felipe F. and Censi, Laura and Cervantes‐Loaiza, Marvin and Chamnan, Parinya and Chamukuttan, Snehalatha and Chan, Queenie and Charchar, Fadi J. and Chaturvedi, Nish and Chen, Huashuai and Cheraghian, Bahman and Chirlaque, María-Dolores and Chudek, Jerzy and Cifkova, Renata and Cirillo, Massimo and Claessens, Frank and Cohen, Emmanuel and Concin, Hans and Cooper, Cyrus and Costanzo, Simona and Cowell, Chris and Crujeiras, Ana B. and Cruz, Juan J. and Cureau, Felipe V. and Cuschieri, Sarah and D’Arrigo, Graziella and d’Orsi, Eleonora and Dallongeville, Jean and Damasceno, Albertino and Dastgiri, Saeed and De Curtis, Amalia and de Gaetano, Giovanni and De Henauw, Stefaan and Deepa, Mohan and DeGennaro, Vincent and Demarest, Stefaan and Dennison, Elaine and Deschamps, Valérie and Dhimal, Meghnath and Dika, Zivka and Djalalinia, Shirin and Donfrancesco, Chiara and Dong, Guanghui and Dorobantu, Maria and Dörr, Marcus and Dragano, Nico and Drygas, Wojciech and Du, Yong and Duante, Charmaine A. and Duboz, Priscilla and Dushpanova, Anar and Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta and Ebrahimi, Narges and Eddie, Ricky and Eftekhar, Ebrahim and Efthymiou, Vasiliki and Egbagbe, Eruke E. and Eghtesad, Sareh and El-Khateeb, Mohammad and El Ati, Jalila and Eldemire-Shearer, Denise and Elosua, Roberto and Enang, Ofem and Erasmus, Rajiv T. and Erbel, Raimund and Erem, Cihangir and Ergor, Gul and Eriksen, Louise and Eriksson, Johan G. and Esmaeili, Ali and Evans, Roger G. and Fakhradiyev, Ildar and Fall, Caroline H. and Faramarzi, Elnaz and Farjam, Mojtaba and Farzi, Yosef and Fattahi, Mohammad Reza and Fawwad, Asher and Felix-Redondo, Francisco J. and Ferguson, Trevor S. and Fernández-Bergés, Daniel and Ferrari, Marika and Ferreccio, Catterina and Ferreira, Haroldo S. and Ferrer, Eldridge and Feskens, Edith J. M. and Flood, David and Forsner, Maria and Fosse, Sandrine and Fottrell, Edward F. and Fouad, Heba M. and Francis, Damian K. and Frontera, Guillermo and Furusawa, Takuro and Gaciong, Zbigniew and Garnett, Sarah P. and Gasull, Magda and Gazzinelli, Andrea and Gehring, Ulrike and Ghaderi, Ebrahim and Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi and Ghanbari, Ali and Ghasemi, Erfan and Gheorghe-Fronea, Oana-Florentina and Ghimire, Anup and Gialluisi, Alessandro and Giampaoli, Simona and Gianfagna, Francesco and Gill, Tiffany K. and Gironella, Glen and Giwercman, Aleksander and Goltzman, David and Gomula, Aleksandra and Gonçalves, Helen and Gonçalves, Mauer and Gonzalez-Chica, David A. and Gonzalez-Gross, Marcela and González-Rivas, Juan P. and González-Villalpando, María-Elena and Gonzalez, Angel R. and Gottrand, Frederic and Grafnetter, Dušan and Grodzicki, Tomasz and Grøntved, Anders and Guerrero, Ramiro and Gujral, Unjali P. and Gupta, Rajeev and Gutierrez, Laura and Gwee, Xinyi and Haghshenas, Rosa and Hakimi, Hamid and Hambleton, Ian R. and Hamzeh, Behrooz and Hanekom, Willem A. and Hange, Dominique and Hantunen, Sari and Hao, Jie and Hari Kumar, Rachakulla and Harooni, Javad and Hashemi-Shahri, Seyed Mohammad and Hata, Jun and Heidemann, Christin and Henrique, Rafael dos Santos and Herrala, Sauli and Herzig, Karl-Heinz and Heshmat, Ramin and Ho, Sai Yin and Holdsworth, Michelle and Homayounfar, Reza and Hopman, Wilma M. and Horimoto, Andrea R. V. R. and Hormiga, Claudia and Horta, Bernardo L. and Houti, Leila and Howitt, Christina and Htay, Thein Thein and Htet, Aung Soe and Htike, Maung Maung Than and Huerta, José María and Huhtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani and Huisman, Martijn and Husseini, Abdullatif and Huybrechts, Inge and Iacoviello, Licia and Iakupova, Ellina M. and Iannone, Anna G. and Ibrahim Wong, Norazizah and Ijoma, Chinwuba and Irazola, Vilma E. and Ishida, Takafumi and Isiguzo, Godsent C. and Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful and Islek, Duygu and Ittermann, Till and Iwasaki, Masanori and Jääskeläinen, Tuija and Jacobs, Jeremy M. and Jaddou, Hashem Y. and Jadoul, Michel and Jallow, Bakary and James, Kenneth and Jamil, Kazi M. and Janus, Edward and Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta and Jasienska, Grazyna and Jelaković, Ana and Jelaković, Bojan and Jennings, Garry and Jha, Anjani Kumar and Jimenez, Ramon O. and Jöckel, Karl-Heinz and Jokelainen, Jari J. and Jonas, Jost B. and Joshi, Pradeep and Josipović, Josipa and Joukar, Farahnaz and Jóźwiak, Jacek and Kafatos, Anthony and Kajantie, Eero O. and Kalmatayeva, Zhanna and Karki, Khem B. and Katibeh, Marzieh and Kauhanen, Jussi and Kazakbaeva, Gyulli M. and Kaze, François F. and Ke, Calvin and Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka and Kelishadi, Roya and Keramati, Maryam and Kersting, Mathilde and Khader, Yousef Saleh and Khaledifar, Arsalan and Khalili, Davood and Kheiri, Bahareh and Kheradmand, Motahareh and Khosravi, Alireza and Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Ursula and Kiechl, Sophia J. and Kiechl, Stefan and Kingston, Andrew and Klakk, Heidi and Klanova, Jana and Knoflach, Michael and Kolsteren, Patrick and König, Jürgen and Korpelainen, Raija and Korrovits, Paul and Kos, Jelena and Koskinen, Seppo and Kowlessur, Sudhir and Koziel, Slawomir and Kriemler, Susi and Kristensen, Peter Lund and Kromhout, Daan and Kubinova, Ruzena and Kujala, Urho M. and Kulimbet, Mukhtar and Kurjata, Pawel and Kyobutungi, Catherine and La, Quang Ngoc and Labadarios, Demetre and Lachat, Carl and Laid, Youcef and Lall, Lachmie and Lankila, Tiina and Lanska, Vera and Lappas, Georg and Larijani, Bagher and Latt, Tint Swe and Laurenzi, Martino and Lehmann, Nils and Lehtimäki, Terho and Lemogoum, Daniel and Leung, Gabriel M. and Li, Yanping and Lima-Costa, M. Fernanda and Lin, Hsien-Ho and Lind, Lars and Lissner, Lauren and Liu, Xiaotian and Lopez-Garcia, Esther and Lopez, Tania and Lozano, José Eugenio and Luksiene, Dalia and Lundqvist, Annamari and Lunet, Nuno and Lustigová, Michala and Machado-Coelho, George L. L. and Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides M. and Macia, Enguerran and Macieira, Luisa M. and Madar, Ahmed A. and Maestre, Gladys E. and Maggi, Stefania and Magliano, Dianna J. and Magriplis, Emmanuella and Mahasampath, Gowri and Maire, Bernard and Makdisse, Marcia and Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza and Malekzadeh, Fatemeh and Malekzadeh, Reza and Mallikharjuna Rao, Kodavanti and Malyutina, Sofia and Maniego, Lynell V. and Manios, Yannis and Mannix, Masimango Imani and Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz and Manzato, Enzo and Margozzini, Paula and Mariño, Joany and Marques, Larissa Pruner and Martorell, Reynaldo and Mascarenhas, Luis P. and Masinaei, Masoud and Mathiesen, Ellisiv B. and Matsha, Tandi E. and Mc Donald Posso, Anselmo J. and McFarlane, Shelly R. and McGarvey, Stephen T. and Mediene Benchekor, Sounnia and Mehlig, Kirsten and Mehrparvar, Amir Houshang and Melgarejo, Jesus D. and Méndez, Fabián and Menezes, Ana Maria B. and Mereke, Alibek and Meshram, Indrapal I. and Meto, Diane T. and Minderico, Cláudia S. and Mini, G. K. and Miquel, Juan Francisco and Miranda, J. Jaime and Mirjalili, Mohammad Reza and Modesti, Pietro A. and Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi and Mohamed, Mostafa K. and Mohammad, Kazem and Mohammadi, Mohammad Reza and Mohammadi, Zahra and Mohammadifard, Noushin and Mohammadpourhodki, Reza and Mohan, Viswanathan and Mohd Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli and Mohebbi, Iraj and Møller, Niels C. and Molnár, Dénes and Momenan, Amirabbas and Mondo, Charles K. and Montenegro Mendoza, Roger A. and Monterrubio-Flores, Eric and Moosazadeh, Mahmood and Moradpour, Farhad and Morejon, Alain and Moreno, Luis A. and Morgan, Karen and Morin, Suzanne N. and Moslem, Alireza and Mosquera, Mildrey and Mossakowska, Malgorzata and Mostafa, Aya and Mostafavi, Seyed-Ali and Motlagh, Mohammad Esmaeel and Motta, Jorge and Msyamboza, Kelias P. and Mu, Thet Thet and Muiesan, Maria L. and Mursu, Jaakko and Musa, Kamarul Imran and Mustafa, Norlaila and Muyer, Muel Telo M. C. and Nabipour, Iraj and Nagel, Gabriele and Naidu, Balkish M. and Najafi, Farid and Námešná, Jana and Nangia, Vinay B. and Naseri, Take and Neelapaichit, Nareemarn and Nejatizadeh, Azim and Nenko, Ilona and Nervi, Flavio and Ng, Tze Pin and Nguyen, Chung T. and Nguyen, Quang Ngoc and Ni, Michael Y. and Nie, Peng and Nieto-Martínez, Ramfis E. and Ninomiya, Toshiharu and Noale, Marianna and Noboa, Oscar A. and Noto, Davide and Nsour, Mohannad Al and Nuhoğlu, Irfan and O’Neill, Terence W. and Odili, Augustine N. and Oh, Kyungwon and Ohtsuka, Ryutaro and Omar, Mohd Azahadi and Onat, Altan and Ong, Sok King and Onodugo, Obinna and Ordunez, Pedro and Ornelas, Rui and Ortiz, Pedro J. and Osmond, Clive and Ostovar, Afshin and Otero, Johanna A. and Ottendahl, Charlotte B. and Otu, Akaninyene and Owusu-Dabo, Ellis and Palmieri, Luigi and Pan, Wen-Harn and Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra and Panza, Francesco and Paoli, Mariela and Park, Suyeon and Parsaeian, Mahboubeh and Patel, Nikhil D. and Pechlaner, Raimund and Pećin, Ivan and Pedro, João M. and Peixoto, Sergio Viana and Peltonen, Markku and Pereira, Alexandre C. and Pessôa dos Prazeres, Thaliane Mayara and Peykari, Niloofar and Phall, Modou Cheyassin and Pham, Son Thai and Phan, Hiep Hoang and Pichardo, Rafael N. and Pikhart, Hynek and Pilav, Aida and Piler, Pavel and Pitakaka, Freda and Piwonska, Aleksandra and Pizarro, Andreia N. and Plans-Rubió, Pedro and Plata, Silvia and Porta, Miquel and Poudyal, Anil and Pourfarzi, Farhad and Pourshams, Akram and Poustchi, Hossein and Pradeepa, Rajendra and Providencia, Rui and Puder, Jardena J. and Puhakka, Solie and Punab, Margus and Qorbani, Mostafa and Quintana, Hedley K. and Quoc Bao, Tran and Rahimikazerooni, Salar and Raitakari, Olli and Ramirez-Zea, Manuel and Ramke, Jacqueline and Ramos, Rafel and Rampal, Lekhraj and Rampal, Sanjay and Rangel Reina, Daniel A. and Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi and Redon, Josep and Renner, Jane D. P. and Reuter, Cézane P. and Revilla, Luis and Rezaei, Negar and Rezaianzadeh, Abbas and Rigo, Fernando and Roa, Reina G. and Robinson, Louise and Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando and Rodriguez-Perez, María del Cristo and Rodríguez-Villamizar, Laura A. and Rodríguez, Andrea Y. and Roggenbuck, Ulla and Rohloff, Peter and Romeo, Elisabetta L. and Rosengren, Annika and Rubinstein, Adolfo and Rust, Petra and Rutkowski, Marcin and Sabbaghi, Hamideh and Sachdev, Harshpal S. and Sadjadi, Alireza and Safarpour, Ali Reza and Safi, Sare and Safiri, Saeid and Saghi, Mohammad Hossien and Saidi, Olfa and Saki, Nader and Šalaj, Sanja and Salanave, Benoit and Salonen, Jukka T. and Salvetti, Massimo and Sánchez-Abanto, Jose and Santos, Diana A. and Santos, Lèlita C. and Santos, Maria Paula and Santos, Tamara R. and Saramies, Jouko L. and Sardinha, Luis B. and Sarrafzadegan, Nizal and Saum, Kai-Uwe and Sbaraini, Mariana and Scazufca, Marcia and Schaan, Beatriz D. and Scheidt-Nave, Christa and Schipf, Sabine and Schmidt, Carsten O. and Schöttker, Ben and Schramm, Sara and Sebert, Sylvain and Sedaghattalab, Moslem and Sein, Aye Aye and Sepanlou, Sadaf G. and Sewpaul, Ronel and Shamah-Levy, Teresa and Shamshirgaran, Seyed Morteza and Sharafkhah, Maryam and Sharma, Sanjib K. and Sharman, Almaz and Shayanrad, Amaneh and Shayesteh, Ali Akbar and Shimizu-Furusawa, Hana and Shiri, Rahman and Shrestha, Namuna and Si-Ramlee, Khairil and Silva, Diego Augusto Santos and Simon, Mary and Simons, Judith and Simons, Leon A. and Sjöström, Michael and Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta and Slusarczyk, Przemysław and Smeeth, Liam and Sobngwi, Eugène and Söderberg, Stefan and Soemantri, Agustinus and Sofat, Reecha and Solfrizzi, Vincenzo and Somi, Mohammad Hossein and Soumaré, Aïcha and Sousa-Poza, Alfonso and Sparrenberger, Karen and Staessen, Jan A. and Stavreski, Bill and Steene-Johannessen, Jostein and Stehle, Peter and Stein, Aryeh D. and Stessman, Jochanan and Stokwiszewski, Jakub and Stronks, Karien and Suarez-Ortegón, Milton F. and Suebsamran, Phalakorn and Sundström, Johan and Suriyawongpaisal, Paibul and Sylva, René Charles and Szklo, Moyses and Tamosiunas, Abdonas and Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul and Tarqui-Mamani, Carolina B. and Taylor, Anne and Taylor, Julie and Tello, Tania and Thankappan, K. R. and Theobald, Holger and Theodoridis, Xenophon and Thomas, Nihal and Thrift, Amanda G. and Timmermans, Erik J. and Tjandrarini, Dwi Hapsari and Tolonen, Hanna K. and Tolstrup, Janne S. and Tomaszewski, Maciej and Topbas, Murat and Torres-Collado, Laura and Traissac, Pierre and Triantafyllou, Areti and Tuitele, John and Tuliakova, Azaliia M. and Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K. and Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka and Tzala, Evangelia and Tzourio, Christophe and Ueda, Peter and Ugel, Eunice and Ukoli, Flora A. M. and Ulmer, Hanno and Uusitalo, Hannu M. T. and Valdivia, Gonzalo and van den Born, Bert-Jan and Van der Heyden, Johan and Van Minh, Hoang and van Rossem, Lenie and Van Schoor, Natasja M. and van Valkengoed, Irene G. M. and van Zutphen, Elisabeth M. and Vanderschueren, Dirk and Vanuzzo, Diego and Vasan, Senthil K. and Vega, Tomas and Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo and Verstraeten, Roosmarijn and Viet, Lucie and Villalpando, Salvador and Vioque, Jesus and Virtanen, Jyrki K. and Viswanathan, Bharathi and Voutilainen, Ari and Wan Bebakar, Wan Mohamad and Wan Mohamud, Wan Nazaimoon and Wang, Chongjian and Wang, Ningli and Wang, Qian and Wang, Ya Xing and Wang, Ying-Wei and Wannamethee, S. Goya and Webster-Kerr, Karen and Wedderkopp, Niels and Wei, Wenbin and Westbury, Leo D. and Whincup, Peter H. and Widhalm, Kurt and Widyahening, Indah S. and Więcek, Andrzej and Wilks, Rainford J. and Willeit, Johann and Willeit, Peter and Wilsgaard, Tom and Wojtyniak, Bogdan and Wong, Andrew and Wong, Emily B. and Woodward, Mark and Wu, Frederick C. and Xu, Haiquan and Xu, Liang and Yaacob, Nor Azwany and Yan, Li and Yan, Weili and Yoosefi, Moein and Yoshihara, Akihiro and Younger-Coleman, Novie O. and Yu, Yu-Ling and Yu, Yunjiang and Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi and Zainuddin, Ahmad A. and Zamani, Farhad and Zambon, Sabina and Zampelas, Antonis and Zaw, Ko Ko and Zeljkovic Vrkic, Tajana and Zeng, Yi and Zhang, Zhen-Yu and Zholdin, Bekbolat and Zimmet, Paul and Zitt, Emanuel and Zoghlami, Nada and Zuñiga Cisneros, Julio and Ezzati, Majid}},
  issn         = {{1078-8956}},
  journal      = {{NATURE MEDICINE}},
  keywords     = {{General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,General Medicine}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{2885--2901}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02610-2}},
  volume       = {{29}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

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