@article{01HE5YCT4065Y2PRNJF92ZM9Y7,
  abstract     = {{Introduction: In radiology, low X-ray energies (<140 keV) are used to obtain an optimal image while in radiotherapy, higher X-ray energies (MeV) are used to eradicate tumor tissue. In radiation research, both these X-ray energies being used to extrapolate in vitro research to clinical practice. However, the energy deposition of X-rays depends on their energy spectrum, which might lead to changes in biological response. Therefore, this study compared the DNA damage response (DDR) in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) exposed to X-rays with varying beam quality, mean photon energy (MPE) and dose rate.Methods: The DDR was evaluated in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) by the gamma-H2AX foci assay, the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay and an SYTOX-based cell death assay, combined with specific cell death inhibitors. Cell cultures were irradiated with a 220 kV X-ray research cabinet (SARRP, X-Strahl) or a 6 MV X-ray linear accelerator (Elekta Synergy). Three main physical parameters were investigated: beam quality (V), MPE (eV) and dose rate (Gy/min). Additional copper (Cu) filtration caused variation in the MPE (78 keV, 94 keV, 118 keV) at SARRP; dose rates were varied by adjusting tube current for 220 kV X-rays (0.33-3 Gy/min) or water-phantom depth in the 6 MV set-up (3-6 Gy/min).Results: The induction of chromosomal damage and initial (30 min) DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) were significantly higher for 220 kV X-rays compared to 6 MV X-rays, while cell death induction was similar. Specific cell death inhibitors for apoptosis, necroptosis and ferroptosis were not capable of blocking cell death after irradiation using low or high-energy X-rays. Additional Cu filtration increased the MPE, which significantly decreased the amount of chromosomal damage and DSBs. Within the tested ranges no specific effects of dose rate variation were observed.Conclusion: The DDR in PBLs is influenced by the beam quality and MPE. This study reinforces the need for consideration and inclusion of all physical parameters in radiation-related studies.}},
  author       = {{Sioen, Simon and D'hondt, Louise and Van Houte, Fien and Demuynck, Robin and Bacher, Klaus and De Wagter, Carlos and Vral, Anne and Vanderstraeten, Barbara and Krysko, Dmitri and Baeyens, Ans}},
  issn         = {{0955-3002}},
  journal      = {{INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY}},
  keywords     = {{Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging,Radiological and Ultrasound Technology,dose rate,X-ray beam quality,cell death,gamma-H2AX foci,micronucleus assay,DNA repair,DNA damage,Lymphocytes,BIOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS,CHROMOSOME-ABERRATIONS,DOSE-RESPONSE,CELL-DEATH,ENERGY,GAMMA-H2AX,INDUCTION,RADIATION,REPAIR,RBE}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{236--247}},
  title        = {{Peripheral blood lymphocytes differ in DNA damage response after exposure to X-rays with different physical properties}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2023.2261525}},
  volume       = {{100}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

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