@article{01HA7FDN12ZWWGZVTJW5AQNGYZ,
  abstract     = {{BackgroundFive modifiable risk factors are associated with cardiovascular disease and death from any cause. Studies using individual-level data to evaluate the regional and sex-specific prevalence of the risk factors and their effect on these outcomes are lacking.MethodsWe pooled and harmonized individual-level data from 112 cohort studies conducted in 34 countries and 8 geographic regions participating in the Global Cardiovascular Risk Consortium. We examined associations between the risk factors (body-mass index, systolic blood pressure, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, current smoking, and diabetes) and incident cardiovascular disease and death from any cause using Cox regression analyses, stratified according to geographic region, age, and sex. Population-attributable fractions were estimated for the 10-year incidence of cardiovascular disease and 10-year all-cause mortality.ResultsAmong 1,518,028 participants (54.1% of whom were women) with a median age of 54.4 years, regional variations in the prevalence of the five modifiable risk factors were noted. Incident cardiovascular disease occurred in 80,596 participants during a median follow-up of 7.3 years (maximum, 47.3), and 177,369 participants died during a median follow-up of 8.7 years (maximum, 47.6). For all five risk factors combined, the aggregate global population-attributable fraction of the 10-year incidence of cardiovascular disease was 57.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 52.4 to 62.1) among women and 52.6% (95% CI, 49.0 to 56.1) among men, and the corresponding values for 10-year all-cause mortality were 22.2% (95% CI, 16.8 to 27.5) and 19.1% (95% CI, 14.6 to 23.6).ConclusionsHarmonized individual-level data from a global cohort showed that 57.2% and 52.6% of cases of incident cardiovascular disease among women and men, respectively, and 22.2% and 19.1% of deaths from any cause among women and men, respectively, may be attributable to five modifiable risk factors. (Funded by the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK); ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT05466825.)

Harmonized individual-level data from a global cohort showed that more than half the cases of incident cardiovascular disease and one fifth of deaths may be attributable to five modifiable risk factors.}},
  author       = {{The Global Cardiovascular Risk Consortium, [missing] and Magnussen, Christina and Ojeda, Francisco M. and Leong, Darryl P. and Alegre-Diaz, Jesus and Amouyel, Philippe and Aviles-Santa, Larissa and De Bacquer, Dirk and Ballantyne, Christie M. and Bernabé-Ortiz, Antonio and Bobak, Martin and Brenner, Hermann and Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M. and de Lemos, James and Dobson, Annette and Dörr, Marcus and Donfrancesco, Chiara and Drygas, Wojciech and Dullaart, Robin P. and Engström, Gunnar and Ferrario, Marco M. and Ferrières, Jean and de Gaetano, Giovanni and Goldbourt, Uri and Gonzalez, Clicerio and Grassi, Guido and Hodge, Allison M. and Hveem, Kristian and Iacoviello, Licia and Ikram, M. Kamran and Irazola, Vilma and Jobe, Modou and Jousilahti, Pekka and Kaleebu, Pontiano and Kavousi, Maryam and Kee, Frank and Khalili, Davood and Koenig, Wolfgang and Kontsevaya, Anna and Kuulasmaa, Kari and Lackner, Karl J. and Leistner, David M. and Lind, Lars and Linneberg, Allan and Lorenz, Thiess and Nakrem Lyngbakken, Magnus and Malekzadeh, Reza and Malyutina, Sofia and Mathiesen, Ellisiv B. and Melander, Olle and Metspalu, Andres and Miranda, J. Jaime and Moitry, Marie and Mugisha, Joseph and Nalini, Mahdi and Nambi, Vijay and Ninomiya, Toshiharu and Oppermann, Karen and d’Orsi, Eleonora and Pająk, Andrzej and Palmieri, Luigi and Panagiotakos, Demosthenes and Perianayagam, Arokiasamy and Peters, Annette and Poustchi, Hossein and Prentice, Andrew M. and Prescott, Eva and Risérus, Ulf and Salomaa, Veikko and Sans, Susana and Sakata, Satoko and Schöttker, Ben and Schutte, Aletta E. and Sepanlou, Sadaf G. and Sharma, Sanjib Kumar and Shaw, Jonathan E. and Simons, Leon A. and Söderberg, Stefan and Tamosiunas, Abdonas and Thorand, Barbara and Tunstall-Pedoe, Hugh and Twerenbold, Raphael and Vanuzzo, Diego and Veronesi, Giovanni and Waibel, Julia and Wannamethee, S. Goya and Watanabe, Masafumi and Wild, Philipp S. and Yao, Yao and Zeng, Yi and Ziegler, Andreas and Blankenberg, Stefan}},
  issn         = {{0028-4793}},
  journal      = {{NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE}},
  keywords     = {{General Medicine}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{1273--1285}},
  publisher    = {{Massachusetts Medical Society}},
  title        = {{Global effect of modifiable risk factors on cardiovascular disease and mortality}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2206916}},
  volume       = {{389}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

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