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An evaluation of non-iterative estimators in the structural after measurement (SAM) approach to structural equation modeling (SEM)

Sara Dhaene (UGent) and Yves Rosseel (UGent)
(2023) STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING-A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL. 30(6). p.926-940
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Abstract
In Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the measurement part and the structural part are typically estimated simultaneously via an iterative Maximum Likelihood (ML) procedure. In this study, we compare performance of the standard procedure to the Structural After Measurement (SAM) approach, where the structural part is separated from the measurement part. One appealing feature of the latter multi-step procedure is that it extends the scope of possible estimators, as now also non-iterative methods from factor-analytic literature can be used to estimate the measurement models. In our simulations, the SAM approach outperformed vanilla SEM in small to moderate samples (i.e., no convergence issues, no inadmissible solutions, smaller MSE values). Notably, this held regardless of the estimator used for the measurement part, with negligible differences between iterative and non-iterative estimators. This may call into question the added value of advanced iterative algorithms over closed-form expressions (which generally require less computational time and resources).
Keywords
Maximum likelihood, non-iterative estimators, structural after, measurement, structural equation modeling, CONFIRMATORY FACTOR-ANALYSIS, IMPROPER SOLUTIONS, FIT INDEXES, R, PACKAGE, LATENT, VARIABLES, ERROR

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MLA
Dhaene, Sara, and Yves Rosseel. “An Evaluation of Non-Iterative Estimators in the Structural after Measurement (SAM) Approach to Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).” STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING-A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL, vol. 30, no. 6, 2023, pp. 926–40, doi:10.1080/10705511.2023.2220135.
APA
Dhaene, S., & Rosseel, Y. (2023). An evaluation of non-iterative estimators in the structural after measurement (SAM) approach to structural equation modeling (SEM). STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING-A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL, 30(6), 926–940. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2023.2220135
Chicago author-date
Dhaene, Sara, and Yves Rosseel. 2023. “An Evaluation of Non-Iterative Estimators in the Structural after Measurement (SAM) Approach to Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).” STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING-A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL 30 (6): 926–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2023.2220135.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Dhaene, Sara, and Yves Rosseel. 2023. “An Evaluation of Non-Iterative Estimators in the Structural after Measurement (SAM) Approach to Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).” STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING-A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL 30 (6): 926–940. doi:10.1080/10705511.2023.2220135.
Vancouver
1.
Dhaene S, Rosseel Y. An evaluation of non-iterative estimators in the structural after measurement (SAM) approach to structural equation modeling (SEM). STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING-A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL. 2023;30(6):926–40.
IEEE
[1]
S. Dhaene and Y. Rosseel, “An evaluation of non-iterative estimators in the structural after measurement (SAM) approach to structural equation modeling (SEM),” STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING-A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 926–940, 2023.
@article{01H6THGGJ1MGW3JHMAW58W9ME9,
  abstract     = {{In Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the measurement part and the structural part are typically estimated simultaneously via an iterative Maximum Likelihood (ML) procedure. In this study, we compare performance of the standard procedure to the Structural After Measurement (SAM) approach, where the structural part is separated from the measurement part. One appealing feature of the latter multi-step procedure is that it extends the scope of possible estimators, as now also non-iterative methods from factor-analytic literature can be used to estimate the measurement models. In our simulations, the SAM approach outperformed vanilla SEM in small to moderate samples (i.e., no convergence issues, no inadmissible solutions, smaller MSE values). Notably, this held regardless of the estimator used for the measurement part, with negligible differences between iterative and non-iterative estimators. This may call into question the added value of advanced iterative algorithms over closed-form expressions (which generally require less computational time and resources).}},
  author       = {{Dhaene, Sara and Rosseel, Yves}},
  issn         = {{1070-5511}},
  journal      = {{STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING-A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL}},
  keywords     = {{Maximum likelihood,non-iterative estimators,structural after,measurement,structural equation modeling,CONFIRMATORY FACTOR-ANALYSIS,IMPROPER SOLUTIONS,FIT INDEXES,R,PACKAGE,LATENT,VARIABLES,ERROR}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{6}},
  pages        = {{926--940}},
  title        = {{An evaluation of non-iterative estimators in the structural after measurement (SAM) approach to structural equation modeling (SEM)}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2023.2220135}},
  volume       = {{30}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}
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