@inproceedings{01H2ACZ7ERKGHVQCXFASSGDB7P,
  abstract     = {{In recent years respiratory tract sampling techniques are more frequently used in calves to rationalize antimicrobial use and target respiratory health care towards the pathogens involved. This study’s objective was to compare the effects on animal welfare of the three most commonly used respiratory tract sampling techniques in calves, namely deep nasopharyngeal swabbing (DNS), non-endoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (nBAL), and transtracheal wash (TTW). The metabolic energy for mental performance, based on heart rate and movement data, and other frequently used heart rate variability parameters were determined as a measure for animal welfare. A crossover study was conducted, including five male Holstein-Friesian calves. Individually housed calves were equipped with a combined heart rate and accelerometer sensor which transmitted data to a top view camera. Five sessions were organized, and calves were randomly assigned to one of the five test groups (control (= no animal handling), fixation, DNS, nBAL, TTW). Heart rate variability parameters (mean heart rate, standard deviation of N-N intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences of N-N intervals (RMSSD), ratio of the low frequency (0.04-0.15 Hz) to the high frequency (0.15–0.4 Hz) (LF/HF ratio), triangular index, SD1 and SD2) were calculated and analyzed using mixed models with calf as random factor. All sampling techniques (DNS, nBAL, TTW) and fixation resulted in an increased mean heart rate compared to the control event. SDNN and SD2 were significantly higher in nBAL and TTW compared to the control. Triangular index showed a discrepancy between TTW, DNS and control. In conclusion, using non-invasively measured heart rate variability parameters showed inconsistent changes. No uniform conclusion could be made based on heart rate variability parameters frequently used in humans for stress monitoring in calves. For the mental component algorithm, it seems that the TTW induced the largest variation in the HR mental component dynamics compared individually per calf with the fixation and control moments. DNS and nBAL seem to induce a smaller and similar variation.}},
  author       = {{Debruyne, Florian and Van Steenkiste, Glenn and Bokma, Jade and Jourquin, Stan and Lowie, Thomas and Clinquart, Justine and Peña Fernandez, Alberto and Berckmans, Daniel and Pardon, Bart}},
  booktitle    = {{2nd United States Precision Livestock Farming Conference (USPLF 2023), Proceedings}},
  keywords     = {{heart rate variability,stress monitoring,respiratory sampling techniques,PLF}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  location     = {{Knoxville, Tennessee, US}},
  pages        = {{9}},
  title        = {{Calf welfare monitored using physiologically based Precision Livestock Farming technology during different sampling techniques of the respiratory tract}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}