@article{01GWSASXSYRMPVEWQBX2WG0WHN,
  abstract     = {{Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being(1-6). Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5-19years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1kgm(-2) in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.}},
  author       = {{NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC), [missing] and Mishra, Anu and Zhou, Bin and Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea and Bixby, Honor and Singleton, Rosie K. and Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M. and Sheffer, Kate E. and Paciorek, Christopher J. and Bennett, James E. and Lhoste, Victor and Iurilli, Maria L. C. and Di Cesare, Mariachiara and Bentham, James and Phelps, Nowell H. and Sophiea, Marisa K. and Stevens, Gretchen A. and Danaei, Goodarz and Cowan, Melanie J. and Savin, Stefan and Riley, Leanne M. and Gregg, Edward W. and Aekplakorn, Wichai and Ahmad, Noor Ani and Baker, Jennifer L. and Chirita-Emandi, Adela and Farzadfar, Farshad and Fink, Günther and Heinen, Mirjam and Ikeda, Nayu and Kengne, Andre P. and Khang, Young-Ho and Laatikainen, Tiina and Laxmaiah, Avula and Ma, Jun and Monroy-Valle, Michele and Mridha, Malay K. and Padez, Cristina P. and Reynolds, Andrew and Sorić, Maroje and Starc, Gregor and Wirth, James P. and Abarca-Gómez, Leandra and Abdeen, Ziad A. and Abdrakhmanova, Shynar and Ghaffar, Suhaila Abdul and Abdul Rahim, Hanan F. and Abdurrahmonova, Zulfiya and Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. and Garba, Jamila Abubakar and Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin and Adam, Ishag and Adamczyk, Marzena and Adams, Robert J. and Adu-Afarwuah, Seth and Afsana, Kaosar and Afzal, Shoaib and Agbor, Valirie N. and Agdeppa, Imelda A. and Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad and Aguenaou, Hassan and Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A. and Agyemang, Charles and Ahmad, Mohamad Hasnan and Ahmadi, Ali and Ahmadi, Naser and Ahmadi, Nastaran and Ahmed, Imran and Ahmed, Soheir H. and Ahrens, Wolfgang and Aitmurzaeva, Gulmira and Ajlouni, Kamel and Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa M. and Al-Lahou, Badreya and Al-Raddadi, Rajaa and Al Hourani, Huda M. and Al Qaoud, Nawal M. and Alarouj, Monira and AlBuhairan, Fadia and AlDhukair, Shahla and Aldwairji, Maryam A. and Alexius, Sylvia and Ali, Mohamed M. and Alkandari, Abdullah and Alkerwi, Ala’a and Alkhatib, Buthaina M. and Allin, Kristine and Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar and Aly, Eman and Amarapurkar, Deepak N. and Etxezarreta, Pilar Amiano and Amoah, John and Amougou, Norbert and Amouyel, Philippe and Andersen, Lars Bo and Anderssen, Sigmund A. and Androutsos, Odysseas and Ängquist, Lars and Anjana, Ranjit Mohan and Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza and Anufrieva, Elena and Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer and Araújo, Joana and Ariansen, Inger and Aris, Tahir and Arku, Raphael E. and Arlappa, Nimmathota and Aryal, Krishna K. and Aseffa, Nega and Aspelund, Thor and Assah, Felix K. and Assembekov, Batyrbek and Assunção, Maria Cecília F. and Aung, May Soe and Auvinen, Juha and Avdičová, Mária and Avi, Shina and Azevedo, Ana and Azimi-Nezhad, Mohsen and Azizi, Fereidoun and Azmin, Mehrdad and Babu, Bontha V. and Jørgensen, Maja Bæksgaard and Baharudin, Azli and Bahijri, Suhad and Bakacs, Marta and Balakrishna, Nagalla and Balanova, Yulia and Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed and Banach, Maciej and Banegas, José R. and Baran, Joanna and Baran, Rafał and Barbagallo, Carlo M. and Filho, Valter Barbosa and Barceló, Alberto and Baretić, Maja and Barkat, Amina and Barnoya, Joaquin and Barrera, Lena and Barreto, Marta and Barros, Aluisio J. D. and Barros, Mauro Virgílio Gomes and Bartosiewicz, Anna and Basit, Abdul and Bastos, Joao Luiz D. and Bata, Iqbal and Batieha, Anwar M. and Batista, Aline P. and Batista, Rosangela L. and Battakova, Zhamilya and Baur, Louise A. and Bayauli, Pascal M. and Beaglehole, Robert and Bel-Serrat, Silvia and Belavendra, Antonisamy and Ben Romdhane, Habiba and Benedics, Judith and Benet, Mikhail and Rolandi, Gilda Estela Benitez and Bere, Elling and Bergh, Ingunn Holden and Berhane, Yemane and Berkinbayev, Salim and Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio and Bernotiene, Gailute and Carrasola, Ximena Berrios and Bettiol, Heloísa and Beutel, Manfred E. and Beybey, Augustin F. and Bezerra, Jorge and Bhagyalaxmi, Aroor and Bharadwaj, Sumit and Bhargava, Santosh K. and Bi, Hongsheng and Bi, Yufang and Bia, Daniel and Biasch, Katia and Lele, Elysée Claude Bika and Bikbov, Mukharram M. and Bista, Bihungum and Bjelica, Dusko J. and Bjerregaard, Anne A. and Bjerregaard, Peter and Bjertness, Espen and Bjertness, Marius B. and Björkelund, Cecilia and Bloch, Katia V. and Blokstra, Anneke and Magnazu, Moran Blychfeld and Bo, Simona and Bobak, Martin and Boddy, Lynne M. and Boehm, Bernhard O. and Boer, Jolanda M. A. and Boggia, Jose G. and Bogova, Elena and Boissonnet, Carlos P. and Bojesen, Stig E. and Bonaccio, Marialaura and Bongard, Vanina and Bonilla-Vargas, Alice and Bopp, Matthias and Borghs, Herman and Bovet, Pascal and Boymatova, Khadichamo and Braeckevelt, Lien and Braeckman, Lutgart and Bragt, Marjolijn C. E. and Brajkovich, Imperia and Branca, Francesco and Breckenkamp, Juergen and Breda, João and Brenner, Hermann and Brewster, Lizzy M. and Brian, Garry R. and Briceño, Yajaira and Brinduse, Lacramioara and Brito, Miguel and Brophy, Sinead and Brug, Johannes and Bruno, Graziella and Bugge, Anna and Buntinx, Frank and Buoncristiano, Marta and Burazeri, Genc and Burns, Con and de León, Antonio Cabrera and Cacciottolo, Joseph and Cai, Hui and Caixeta, Roberta B. and Cama, Tilema and Cameron, Christine and Camolas, José and Can, Günay and Cândido, Ana Paula C. and Cañete, Felicia and Capanzana, Mario V. and Čapková, Naděžda and Capuano, Eduardo and Capuano, Rocco and Capuano, Vincenzo and Cardol, Marloes and Cardoso, Viviane C. and Carlsson, Axel C. and Carmuega, Esteban and Carvalho, Joana and Casajús, José A. and Casanueva, Felipe F. and Casas, Maribel and Celikcan, Ertugrul and Censi, Laura and Cervantes‐Loaiza, Marvin and Cesar, Juraci A. and Chamukuttan, Snehalatha and Chan, Angelique and Chan, Queenie and Chaturvedi, Himanshu K. and Chaturvedi, Nish and Rahim, Norsyamlina Che Abdul and Chee, Miao Li and Chen, Chien-Jen and Chen, Fangfang and Chen, Huashuai and Chen, Shuohua and Chen, Zhengming and Cheng, Ching-Yu and Cheng, Yiling J. and Cheraghian, Bahman and Chetrit, Angela and Chikova-Iscener, Ekaterina and Chinapaw, Mai J. 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P. and Dobson, Annette J. and Dominguez, Liria and Donati, Maria Benedetta and Donfrancesco, Chiara and Dong, Guanghui and Dong, Yanhui and Donoso, Silvana P. and Döring, Angela and Dorobantu, Maria and Dorosty, Ahmad Reza and Doua, Kouamelan and Dragano, Nico and Drygas, Wojciech and Duan, Jia Li and Duante, Charmaine A. and Duboz, Priscilla and Duleva, Vesselka L. and Dulskiene, Virginija and Dumith, Samuel C. and Dushpanova, Anar and Dyussupova, Azhar and Dzerve, Vilnis and Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta and Echeverría, Guadalupe and Eddie, Ricky and Eftekhar, Ebrahim and Egbagbe, Eruke E. and Eggertsen, Robert and Eghtesad, Sareh and Eiben, Gabriele and Ekelund, Ulf and El-Khateeb, Mohammad and El Ammari, Laila and El Ati, Jalila and Eldemire-Shearer, Denise and Eliasen, Marie and Elliott, Paul and Endevelt, Ronit and Engle-Stone, Reina and Erasmus, Rajiv T. and Erbel, Raimund and Erem, Cihangir and Ergor, Gul and Eriksen, Louise and Eriksson, Johan G. and Escobedo-de la Peña, Jorge and Eslami, Saeid and Esmaeili, Ali and Evans, Alun and Faeh, David and Fakhradiyev, Ildar and Fakhretdinova, Albina A. and Fall, Caroline H. and Faramarzi, Elnaz and Farjam, Mojtaba and Sant’Angelo, Victoria Farrugia and Fattahi, Mohammad Reza and Fawwad, Asher and Fawzi, Wafaie W. and Feigl, Edit and Felix-Redondo, Francisco J. and Ferguson, Trevor S. and Fernandes, Romulo A. and Fernández-Bergés, Daniel and Ferrante, Daniel and Ferrao, Thomas and Ferrari, Gerson and Ferrari, Marika and Ferrario, Marco M. and Ferreccio, Catterina and Ferreira, Haroldo S. and Ferrer, Eldridge and Ferrieres, Jean and Figueiró, Thamara Hubler and Fijalkowska, Anna and Fisberg, Mauro and Fischer, Krista and Foo, Leng Huat and Forsner, Maria and Fouad, Heba M. and Francis, Damian K. and do Carmo Franco, Maria and Fras, Zlatko and Frontera, Guillermo and Fuchs, Flavio D. and Fuchs, Sandra C. and Fujiati, Isti I. and Fujita, Yuki and Fumihiko, Matsuda and Furdela, Viktoriya and Furusawa, Takuro and Gaciong, Zbigniew and Gafencu, Mihai and Cuesta, Manuel Galán and Galbarczyk, Andrzej and Galenkamp, Henrike and Galeone, Daniela and Galfo, Myriam and Galvano, Fabio and Gao, Jingli and Gao, Pei and Garcia-de-la-Hera, Manoli and Mérida, María José García and Solano, Marta García and Gareta, Dickman and Garnett, Sarah P. and Gaspoz, Jean-Michel and Gasull, Magda and Gaya, Adroaldo Cesar Araujo and Gaya, Anelise Reis and Gazzinelli, Andrea and Gehring, Ulrike and Geiger, Harald and Geleijnse, Johanna M. and George, Ronnie and Ghaderi, Ebrahim and Ghanbari, Ali and Ghasemi, Erfan and Gheorghe-Fronea, Oana-Florentina and Gialluisi, Alessandro and Giampaoli, Simona and Gianfagna, Francesco and Gieger, Christian and Gill, Tiffany K. and Giovannelli, Jonathan and Gironella, Glen and Giwercman, Aleksander and Gkiouras, Konstantinos and Glushkova, Natalya and Gluškova, Natalja and Godara, Ramesh and Godos, Justyna and Gogen, Sibel and Goldberg, Marcel and Goltzman, David and Gómez, Georgina and Gómez, Jesús Humberto Gómez and Gomez, Luis F. and Gómez, Santiago F. and Gomula, Aleksandra and da Silva, Bruna Gonçalves Cordeiro and Gonçalves, Helen and Gonçalves, Mauer and González-Alvarez, Ana D. and Gonzalez-Chica, David A. and González-Gil, Esther M. and Gonzalez-Gross, Marcela and González-Leon, Margot and González-Rivas, Juan P. and González-Villalpando, Clicerio and González-Villalpando, María-Elena and Gonzalez, Angel R. and Gottrand, Frederic and Graça, Antonio Pedro and Graff-Iversen, Sidsel and Grafnetter, Dušan and Grajda, Aneta and Grammatikopoulou, Maria G. and Gregor, Ronald D. and Gregório, Maria João and Grøholt, Else Karin and Grøntved, Anders and Grosso, Giuseppe and Gruden, Gabriella and Gu, Dongfeng and Guajardo, Viviana and Gualdi-Russo, Emanuela and Guallar-Castillón, Pilar and Gualtieri, Andrea and Gudmundsson, Elias F. and Gudnason, Vilmundur and Guerrero, Ramiro and Guessous, Idris and Guimaraes, Andre L. and Gulliford, Martin C. and Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna and Gunter, Marc J. and Guo, Xiu-Hua and Guo, Yin and Gupta, Prakash C. and Gupta, Rajeev and Gureje, Oye and González, Enrique Gutiérrez and Gutierrez, Laura and Gutzwiller, Felix and Gwee, Xinyi and Ha, Seongjun and Hadaegh, Farzad and Hadjigeorgiou, Charalambos A. and Haghshenas, Rosa and Hakimi, Hamid and Halkjær, Jytte and Hambleton, Ian R. and Hamzeh, Behrooz and Hanekom, Willem A. and Hange, Dominique and Hanif, Abu A. M. and Hantunen, Sari and Hao, Jie and Hardman, Carla Menêses and Kumar, Rachakulla Hari and Lassen, Tina Harmer and Harooni, Javad and Hashemi-Shahri, Seyed Mohammad and Hassapidou, Maria and Hata, Jun and Haugsgjerd, Teresa and Hayes, Alison J. and He, Jiang and He, Yuan and He, Yuna and Heidinger-Felső, Regina and Heier, Margit and Hejgaard, Tatjana and Hendriks, Marleen Elisabeth and dos Santos Henrique, Rafael and Henriques, Ana and Cadena, Leticia Hernandez and Herrala, Sauli and Herrera-Cuenca, Marianella and Herrera, Victor M. and Herter-Aeberli, Isabelle and Herzig, Karl-Heinz and Heshmat, Ramin and Hill, Allan G. and Ho, Sai Yin and Ho, Suzanne C. and Hobbs, Michael and Höfelmann, Doroteia A. and Holdsworth, Michelle and Homayounfar, Reza and Homs, Clara and Hopman, Wilma M. and Horimoto, Andrea R. V. R. and Hormiga, Claudia M. and Horta, Bernardo L. and Houti, Leila and Howitt, Christina and Htay, Thein Thein and Htet, Aung Soe and Htike, Maung Maung Than and Hu, Yonghua and Huerta, José María and Huhtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani and Huiart, Laetitia and Petrescu, Constanta Huidumac and Huisman, Martijn and Husseini, Abdullatif and Huu, Chinh Nguyen and Huybrechts, Inge and Hwalla, Nahla and Hyska, Jolanda and Iacoviello, Licia and Iakupova, Ellina M. and Ibarluzea, Jesús M. and Ibrahim, Mohsen M. and Wong, Norazizah Ibrahim and Ikram, M. Arfan and Iñiguez, Carmen and Iotova, Violeta and Irazola, Vilma E. and Ishida, Takafumi and Isiguzo, Godsent C. and Islam, Muhammad and Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful and Islek, Duygu and Ivanova-Pandourska, Ivaila Y. and Iwasaki, Masanori and Jääskeläinen, Tuija and Jackson, Rod T. and Jacobs, Jeremy M. and Jadoul, Michel and Jafar, Tazeen and Jallow, Bakary and James, Kenneth and Jamil, Kazi M. and Jamrozik, Konrad and Jansson, Anna and Janszky, Imre and Janus, Edward and Jarani, Juel and Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta and Jasienska, Grazyna and Jelaković, Ana and Jelaković, Bojan and Jennings, Garry and Jiang, Chao Qiang and Jimenez, Ramon O. and Jöckel, Karl-Heinz and Joffres, Michel and Jokelainen, Jari J. and Jonas, Jost B. and Jonnagaddala, Jitendra and Jørgensen, Torben and Joshi, Pradeep and Josipović, Josipa and Joukar, Farahnaz and Jóźwiak, Jacek J. and Judge, Debra S. and Juolevi, Anne and Jurak, Gregor and Simina, Iulia Jurca and Juresa, Vesna and Kaaks, Rudolf and Kaducu, Felix O. and Kafatos, Anthony and Kaj, Mónika and Kajantie, Eero O. and Kakutia, Natia and Kállayová, Daniela and Kalmatayeva, Zhanna and Kalter-Leibovici, Ofra and Kameli, Yves and Kampmann, Freja B. and Kanala, Kodanda R. and Kannan, Srinivasan and Kapantais, Efthymios and Karaglani, Eva and Karakosta, Argyro and Kårhus, Line L. and Karki, Khem B. and Katchunga, Philippe B. and Katibeh, Marzieh and Katz, Joanne and Katzmarzyk, Peter T. and Kauhanen, Jussi and Kaur, Prabhdeep and Kavousi, Maryam and Kazakbaeva, Gyulli M. and Kaze, François F. and Ke, Calvin and Keil, Ulrich and Boker, Lital Keinan and Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka and Kelishadi, Roya and Kelleher, Cecily and Kemper, Han C. G. and Keramati, Maryam and Kerimkulova, Alina and Kersting, Mathilde and Key, Timothy and Khader, Yousef Saleh and Khaledifar, Arsalan and Khalili, Davood and Khaw, Kay-Tee and Kheiri, Bahareh and Kheradmand, Motahareh and Khosravi, Alireza and Khouw, Ilse M. S. L. and Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Ursula and Kiechl, Sophia J. and Kiechl, Stefan and Killewo, Japhet and Kim, Hyeon Chang and Kim, Jeongseon and Kindblom, Jenny M. and Kingston, Andrew and Klakk, Heidi and Klimek, Magdalena and Klimont, Jeannette and Klumbiene, Jurate and Knoflach, Michael and Koirala, Bhawesh and Kolle, Elin and Kolsteren, Patrick and König, Jürgen and Korpelainen, Raija and Korrovits, Paul and Korzycka, Magdalena and Kos, Jelena and Koskinen, Seppo and Kouda, Katsuyasu and Kovács, Éva and Kovacs, Viktoria Anna and Kovalskys, Irina and Kowlessur, Sudhir and Koziel, Slawomir and Kratenova, Jana and Kratzer, Wolfgang and Kriaucioniene, Vilma and Kriemler, Susi and Kristensen, Peter Lund and Krizan, Helena and Kroker-Lobos, Maria F. and Krokstad, Steinar and Kromhout, Daan and Kruger, Herculina S. and Kruger, Ruan and Kryst, Łukasz and Kubinova, Ruzena and Kuciene, Renata and Kujala, Urho M. and Kujundzic, Enisa and Kulaga, Zbigniew and Kulimbet, Mukhtar and Kumar, R. Krishna and Kunešová, Marie and Kurjata, Pawel and Kusuma, Yadlapalli S. and Kutsenko, Vladimir and Kuulasmaa, Kari and Kyobutungi, Catherine and La, Quang Ngoc and Laamiri, Fatima Zahra and Lachat, Carl and Lackner, Karl J. and Laid, Youcef and Lall, Lachmie and Lam, Tai Hing and Jimenez, Maritza Landaeta and Landais, Edwige and Lanska, Vera and Lappas, Georg and Larijani, Bagher and Larissa, Simo Pone and Latt, Tint Swe and Laurenzi, Martino and Lauria, Laura and Lazo-Porras, Maria and Le Coroller, Gwenaëlle and Le Nguyen Bao, Khanh and Le Port, Agnès and Le, Tuyen D. and Lee, Jeannette and Lee, Jeonghee and Lee, Paul H. and Lehmann, Nils and Lehtimäki, Terho and Lemogoum, Daniel and Leskošek, Branimir and Leszczak, Justyna and Leth-Møller, Katja B. and Leung, Gabriel M. and Levitt, Naomi S. and Li, Yanping and Liivak, Merike and Lilly, Christa L. and Lim, Charlie and Lim, Wei-Yen and Lima-Costa, M. Fernanda and Lin, Hsien-Ho and Lin, Xu and Lin, Yi-Ting and Lind, Lars and Lingam, Vijaya and Linkohr, Birgit and Linneberg, Allan and Lissner, Lauren and Litwin, Mieczyslaw and Liu, Jing and Liu, Lijuan and Lo, Wei-Cheng and Loit, Helle-Mai and Long, Khuong Quynh and Abril, Guadalupe Longo and Lopes, Luis and Lopes, Marcus V. V. and Lopes, Oscar and Lopez-Garcia, Esther and Lopez, Tania and Lotufo, Paulo A. and Lozano, José Eugenio and Lukrafka, Janice L. and Luksiene, Dalia and Lundqvist, Annamari and Lunet, Nuno and Lunogelo, Charles and Lustigová, Michala and Łuszczki, Edyta and M’Buyamba-Kabangu, Jean-René and Ma, Guansheng and Ma, Xu and Machado-Coelho, George L. L. and Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides M. and Macia, Enguerran and Macieira, Luisa M. and Madar, Ahmed A. and Madsen, Anja L. and Maestre, Gladys E. and Maggi, Stefania and Magliano, Dianna J. and Magnacca, Sara and Magriplis, Emmanuella and Mahasampath, Gowri and Maire, Bernard and Majer, Marjeta and Makdisse, Marcia and Mäki, Päivi and Malekzadeh, Fatemeh and Malekzadeh, Reza and Malhotra, Rahul and Rao, Kodavanti Mallikharjuna and Malyutina, Sofia K. and Maniego, Lynell V. and Manios, Yannis and Manix, Masimango Imani and Mann, Jim I. and Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz and Manyanga, Taru and Manzato, Enzo and Marcil, Anie and Margozzini, Paula and Mariño, Joany and Markaki, Anastasia and Markey, Oonagh and Ioannidou, Eliza Markidou and Marques-Vidal, Pedro and Marques, Larissa Pruner and Marrugat, Jaume and Martin-Prevel, Yves and Martin, Rosemarie and Martorell, Reynaldo and Martos, Eva and Maruszczak, Katharina and Marventano, Stefano and Masala, Giovanna and Mascarenhas, Luis P. and Masoodi, Shariq R. and Mathiesen, Ellisiv B. and Mathur, Prashant and Matijasevich, Alicia and Matłosz, Piotr and Matsha, Tandi E. and Matsudo, Victor and Mavrogianni, Christina and Mazur, Artur and Mbanya, Jean Claude N. and McFarlane, Shelly R. and McGarvey, Stephen T. and McKee, Martin and McLachlan, Stela and McLean, Rachael M. and McLean, Scott B. and McNairy, Margaret L. and McNulty, Breige A. and Benchekor, Sounnia Mediene and Medzioniene, Jurate and Mehdipour, Parinaz and Mehlig, Kirsten and Mehrparvar, Amir Houshang and Meirhaeghe, Aline and Meisfjord, Jørgen and Meisinger, Christa and Melgarejo, Jesus D. and Melkumova, Marina and Mello, João and Méndez, Fabián and Mendivil, Carlos O. and Menezes, Ana Maria B. and Menon, Geetha R. and Mensink, Gert B. M. and Menzano, Maria Teresa and Meshram, Indrapal I. and Meto, Diane T. and Mi, Jie and Michaelsen, Kim F. and Michels, Nathalie and Mikkel, Kairit and Miłkowska, Karolina and Miller, Jody C. and Milushkina, Olga and Minderico, Cláudia S. and Mini, G. K. and Miquel, Juan Francisco and Miranda, J. Jaime and Mirjalili, Mohammad Reza and Mirkopoulou, Daphne and Mirrakhimov, Erkin and Mišigoj-Duraković, Marjeta and Mistretta, Antonio and Mocanu, Veronica and Modesti, Pietro A. and Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi and Mohajer, Bahram and Mohamed, Mostafa K. and Mohamed, Shukri F. and Mohammad, Kazem and Mohammadi, Mohammad Reza and Mohammadi, Zahra and Mohammadifard, Noushin and Mohammadpourhodki, Reza and Mohan, Viswanathan and Mohanna, Salim and Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd and Mohebbi, Iraj and Mohebi, Farnam and Moitry, Marie and Møllehave, Line T. and Møller, Niels C. and Molnár, Dénes and Momenan, Amirabbas and Mondo, Charles K. and Montenegro Mendoza, Roger A. and Monterrubio-Flores, Eric and Monyeki, Kotsedi Daniel K. and Moon, Jin Soo and Moosazadeh, Mahmood and Mopa, Hermine T. and Moradpour, Farhad and Moreira, Leila B. and Morejon, Alain and Moreno, Luis A. and Morey, Francis and Morgan, Karen and Morin, Suzanne N. and Mortensen, Erik Lykke and Moschonis, George and Moslem, Alireza and Mossakowska, Malgorzata and Mostafa, Aya and Mostafavi, Seyed-Ali and Mota-Pinto, Anabela and Mota, Jorge and Motlagh, Mohammad Esmaeel and Motta, Jorge and Moura-dos-Santos, Marcos André and Movsesyan, Yeva and Msyamboza, Kelias P. and Mu, Thet Thet and Muc, Magdalena and Muca, Florian and Mugoša, Boban and Muiesan, Maria L. and Müller-Nurasyid, Martina and Münzel, Thomas and Mursu, Jaakko and Murtagh, Elaine M. and Musa, Kamarul Imran and Milanović, Sanja Musić and Musil, Vera and Musinguzi, Geofrey and Muyer, Muel Telo M. C. and Nabipour, Iraj and Naderimagham, Shohreh and Nagel, Gabriele and Najafi, Farid and Nakamura, Harunobu and Nalecz, Hanna and Námešná, Jana and Nang, Ei Ei K. and Nangia, Vinay B. and Nankap, Martin and Narake, Sameer and Nardone, Paola and Naseri, Take and Nauck, Matthias and Neal, William A. and Nejatizadeh, Azim and Nekkantti, Chandini and Nelis, Keiu and Nenko, Ilona and Neovius, Martin and Nervi, Flavio and Ng, Tze Pin and Nguyen, Chung T. and Nguyen, Nguyen D. and Nguyen, Quang Ngoc and Ni, Michael Y. and Nicolescu, Rodica and Nie, Peng and Nieto-Martínez, Ramfis E. and Nikitin, Yury P. and Ning, Guang and Ninomiya, Toshiharu and Nishi, Nobuo and Nishtar, Sania and Noale, Marianna and Noboa, Oscar A. and Nogueira, Helena and Nordendahl, Maria and Nordestgaard, Børge G. and Noto, Davide and Nowak-Szczepanska, Natalia and Nsour, Mohannad Al and Nuhoğlu, Irfan and Nunes, Baltazar and Nurk, Eha and Nuwaha, Fred and Nyirenda, Moffat and O’Neill, Terence W. and O’Reilly, Dermot and Obreja, Galina and Ochimana, Caleb and Ochoa-Avilés, Angélica M. and Oda, Eiji and Odili, Augustine N. and Oh, Kyungwon and Ohara, Kumiko and Ohlsson, Claes and Ohtsuka, Ryutaro and Olafsson, Örn and Olinto, Maria Teresa A. and Oliveira, Isabel O. and Omar, Mohd Azahadi and Omar, Saeed M. and Onat, Altan and Ong, Sok King and Onland-Moret, N. Charlotte and Ono, Lariane M. and Ordunez, Pedro and Ornelas, Rui and Ortiz, Ana P. and Ortiz, Pedro J. and Osler, Merete and Osmond, Clive and Ostojic, Sergej M. and Ostovar, Afshin and Otero, Johanna A. and Overvad, Kim and Owusu-Dabo, Ellis and Paccaud, Fred Michel and Pagkalos, Ioannis and Pahomova, Elena and de Paiva, Karina Mary and Pająk, Andrzej and Palloni, Alberto and Palmieri, Luigi and Pan, Wen-Harn and Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra and Pandey, Arvind and Panza, Francesco and Paoli, Mariela and Papadopoulou, Sousana K. and Papandreou, Dimitrios and Pareja, Rossina G. and Park, Soon-Woo and Park, Suyeon and Parnell, Winsome R. and Parsaeian, Mahboubeh and Pascanu, Ionela M. and Pasquet, Patrick and Patel, Nikhil D. and Pattussi, Marcos and Pavlyshyn, Halyna and Pechlaner, Raimund and Pećin, Ivan and Pednekar, Mangesh S. and Pedro, João M. and Peer, Nasheeta and Peixoto, Sergio Viana and Peltonen, Markku and Pereira, Alexandre C. and Peres, Marco A. and Pérez, Cynthia M. and Peterkova, Valentina and Peters, Annette and Petersmann, Astrid and Petkeviciene, Janina and Petrauskiene, Ausra and Kovtun, Olga Petrovna and Pettenuzzo, Emanuela and Peykari, Niloofar and Pfeiffer, Norbert and Phall, Modou Cheyassin and Pham, Son Thai and Pichardo, Rafael N. and Pierannunzio, Daniela and Pigeot, Iris and Pikhart, Hynek and Pilav, Aida and Pilotto, Lorenza and Pistelli, Francesco and Pitakaka, Freda and Piwonska, Aleksandra and Pizarro, Andreia N. and Plans-Rubió, Pedro and Platonova, Alina G. and Poh, Bee Koon and Pohlabeln, Hermann and Polka, Nadija S. and Pop, Raluca M. and Popovic, Stevo R. and Porta, Miquel and Posch, Georg and Poudyal, Anil and Poulimeneas, Dimitrios and Pouraram, Hamed and Pourfarzi, Farhad and Pourshams, Akram and Poustchi, Hossein and Pradeepa, Rajendra and Price, Alison J. and Price, Jacqueline F. and Prista, Antonio and Providencia, Rui and Puder, Jardena J. and Pudule, Iveta and Puiu, Maria and Punab, Margus and Qadir, Muhammed S. and Qasrawi, Radwan F. and Qorbani, Mostafa and Quintana, Hedley K. and Quiroga-Padilla, Pedro J. and Bao, Tran Quoc and Rach, Stefan and Radic, Ivana and Radisauskas, Ricardas and Rahimikazerooni, Salar and Rahman, Mahfuzar and Rahman, Mahmudur and Raitakari, Olli and Raj, Manu and Rajabov, Tamerlan and Rakhmatulloev, Sherali and Rakovac, Ivo and Rao, Sudha Ramachandra and Ramachandran, Ambady and Ramadan, Otim P. C. and Ramires, Virgílio V. and Ramke, Jacqueline and Ramos, Elisabete and Ramos, Rafel and Rampal, Lekhraj and Rampal, Sanjay and Rangelova, Lalka S. and Rarra, Vayia and Rascon-Pacheco, Ramon A. and Rech, Cassiano Ricardo and Redon, Josep and Reganit, Paul Ferdinand M. and Regecová, Valéria and Renner, Jane D. P. and Repasy, Judit A. and Reuter, Cézane P. and Revilla, Luis and Rezaianzadeh, Abbas and Rho, Yeunsook and Ribas-Barba, Lourdes and Ribeiro, Robespierre and Riboli, Elio and Richter, Adrian and Rigo, Fernando and Rigotti, Attilio and Rinaldo, Natascia and Rinke de Wit, Tobias F. and Rito, Ana I. and Ritti-Dias, Raphael M. and Rivera, Juan A. and Roa, Reina G. and Robinson, Louise and Robitaille, Cynthia and Roccaldo, Romana and Rodrigues, Daniela and Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando and del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, María and Rodríguez-Villamizar, Laura A. and Rodríguez, Andrea Y. and Roggenbuck, Ulla and Rohloff, Peter and Rohner, Fabian and Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba and Rojroongwasinkul, Nipa and Romaguera, Dora and Romeo, Elisabetta L. and Rosario, Rafaela V. and Rosengren, Annika and Rouse, Ian and Rouzier, Vanessa and Roy, Joel G. R. and Ruano, Maira H. and Rubinstein, Adolfo and Rühli, Frank J. and Ruidavets, Jean-Bernard and Ruiz-Betancourt, Blanca Sandra and Ruiz-Castell, Maria and Moreno, Emma Ruiz and Rusakova, Iuliia A. and Jonsson, Kenisha Russell and Russo, Paola and Rust, Petra and Rutkowski, Marcin and Saamel, Marge and Sabanayagam, Charumathi and Sabbaghi, Hamideh and Sacchini, Elena and Sachdev, Harshpal S. and Sadjadi, Alireza and Safarpour, Ali Reza and Safi, Sare and Safiri, Saeid and Saghi, Mohammad Hossien and Saidi, Olfa and Saki, Nader and Šalaj, Sanja and Salanave, Benoit and Martinez, Eduardo Salazar and Saleva, Calogero and Salmerón, Diego and Salomaa, Veikko and Salonen, Jukka T. and Salvetti, Massimo and Samoutian, Margarita and Sánchez-Abanto, Jose and Rodríguez, Inés Sánchez and Sandjaja, [missing] and Sans, Susana and Marina, Loreto Santa and Santacruz, Ethel and Santos, Diana A. and Santos, Ina S. and Santos, Lèlita C. and Santos, Maria Paula and Santos, Osvaldo and Santos, Rute and Santos, Tamara R. and Saramies, Jouko L. and Sardinha, Luis B. and Sarrafzadegan, Nizal and Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu and Saum, Kai-Uwe and Savva, Savvas and Savy, Mathilde and Sawada, Norie and Sbaraini, Mariana and Scazufca, Marcia and Schaan, Beatriz D. and Rosario, Angelika Schaffrath and Schargrodsky, Herman and Schienkiewitz, Anja and Schindler, Karin and Schipf, Sabine and Schmidt, Carsten O. and Schmidt, Ida Maria and Schneider, Andrea and Schnohr, Peter and Schöttker, Ben and Schramm, Sara and Schramm, Stine and Schröder, Helmut and Schultsz, Constance and Schulze, Matthias B. and Schutte, Aletta E. and Sebert, Sylvain and Sedaghattalab, Moslem and Selamat, Rusidah and Sember, Vedrana and Sen, Abhijit and Senbanjo, Idowu O. and Sepanlou, Sadaf G. and Sequera, Guillermo and Serra-Majem, Luis and Servais, Jennifer and Ševčíková, Ľudmila and Shalnova, Svetlana and Shamah-Levy, Teresa and Shamshirgaran, Seyed Morteza and Shanthirani, Coimbatore Subramaniam and Sharafkhah, Maryam and Sharma, Sanjib K. and Shaw, Jonathan E. and Shayanrad, Amaneh and Shayesteh, Ali Akbar and Shengelia, Lela and Shi, Zumin and Shibuya, Kenji and Shimizu-Furusawa, Hana and Shimony, Tal and Shiri, Rahman and Shrestha, Namuna and Si-Ramlee, Khairil and Siani, Alfonso and Siantar, Rosalynn and Sibai, Abla M. and Sidossis, Labros S. and Silitrari, Natalia and Silva, Antonio M. and de Moura Silva, Caroline Ramos and Silva, Diego Augusto Santos and Silva, Kelly S. and Sim, Xueling and Simon, Mary and Simons, Judith and Simons, Leon A. and Sjöberg, Agneta and Sjöström, Michael and Skoblina, Natalia A. and Skodje, Gry and Slazhnyova, Tatyana and Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta and Slusarczyk, Przemysław and Smeeth, Liam and So, Hung-Kwan and Soares, Fernanda Cunha and Sobek, Grzegorz and Sobngwi, Eugène and Sodemann, Morten and Söderberg, Stefan and Soekatri, Moesijanti Y. E. and Soemantri, Agustinus and Sofat, Reecha and Solfrizzi, Vincenzo and Somi, Mohammad Hossein and Sonestedt, Emily and Song, Yi and Soofi, Sajid and Sørensen, Thorkild I. A. and Sørgjerd, Elin P. and Jérome, Charles Sossa and Soto-Rojas, Victoria E. and Soumaré, Aïcha and Sousa-Poza, Alfonso and Sovic, Slavica and Sparboe-Nilsen, Bente and Sparrenberger, Karen and Spencer, Phoebe R. and Spinelli, Angela and Spiroski, Igor and Staessen, Jan A. and Stamm, Hanspeter and Staub, Kaspar and Stavreski, Bill and Steene-Johannessen, Jostein and Stehle, Peter and Stein, Aryeh D. and Stergiou, George S. and Stessman, Jochanan and Stevanović, Ranko and Stieber, Jutta and Stöckl, Doris and Stokwiszewski, Jakub and Stoyanova, Ekaterina and Stratton, Gareth and Stronks, Karien and Strufaldi, Maria Wany and Sturua, Lela and Suárez-Medina, Ramón and Suka, Machi and Sun, Chien-An and Sun, Liang and Sundström, Johan and Sung, Yn-Tz and Sunyer, Jordi and Suriyawongpaisal, Paibul and Sweis, Nabil William G. and Swinburn, Boyd A. and Sy, Rody G. and Sylva, René Charles and Szklo, Moyses and Szponar, Lucjan and Tabone, Lorraine and Tai, E. Shyong and Tambalis, Konstantinos D. and Tammesoo, Mari-Liis and Tamosiunas, Abdonas and Tan, Eng Joo and Tang, Xun and Tanrygulyyeva, Maya and Tanser, Frank and Tao, Yong and Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul and Tarp, Jakob and Tarqui-Mamani, Carolina B. and Braunerová, Radka Taxová and Taylor, Anne and Taylor, Julie and Tchibindat, Félicité and Te Velde, Saskia and Tebar, William R. and Tell, Grethe S. and Tello, Tania and Tham, Yih Chung and Thankappan, K. R. and Theobald, Holger and Theodoridis, Xenophon and Thomas, Nihal and Thorand, Barbara and Thuesen, Betina H. and Tichá, Ľubica and Timmermans, Erik J. and Tjandrarini, Dwi H. and Tjonneland, Anne and Tolonen, Hanna K. and Tolstrup, Janne S. and Topbas, Murat and Topór-Mądry, Roman and Torheim, Liv Elin and Tormo, María José and Tornaritis, Michael J. and Torrent, Maties and Torres-Collado, Laura and Toselli, Stefania and Touloumi, Giota and Traissac, Pierre and Tran, Thi Tuyet-Hanh and Tremblay, Mark S. and Triantafyllou, Areti and Trichopoulos, Dimitrios and Trichopoulou, Antonia and Trinh, Oanh T. H. and Trivedi, Atul and Tsao, Yu-Hsiang and Tshepo, Lechaba and Tsigga, Maria and Tsintavis, Panagiotis and Tsugane, Shoichiro and Tuitele, John and Tuliakova, Azaliia M. and Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K. and Tullu, Fikru and Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka and Tuomilehto, Jaakko and Turley, Maria L. and Twig, Gilad and Tynelius, Per and Tzala, Evangelia and Tzotzas, Themistoklis and Tzourio, Christophe and Ueda, Peter and Ugel, Eunice and Ukoli, Flora A. M. and Ulmer, Hanno and Unal, Belgin and Usupova, Zhamyila and Uusitalo, Hannu M. T. and Uysal, Nalan and Vaitkeviciute, Justina and Valdivia, Gonzalo and Vale, Susana and Valvi, Damaskini and van Dam, Rob M. and van den Born, Bert-Jan and Van der Heyden, Johan and van der Schouw, Yvonne T. and Van Herck, Koen and Van Lippevelde, Wendy and Van Minh, Hoang and Van Schoor, Natasja M. and van Valkengoed, Irene G. M. and Vanderschueren, Dirk and Vanuzzo, Diego and Varbo, Anette and Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio and Vargas, Luz Nayibe and Varona-Pérez, Patricia and Vasan, Senthil K. and Vasques, Daniel G. and Vega, Tomas and Veidebaum, Toomas and Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo and Velika, Biruta and Verloigne, Maïté and Veronesi, Giovanni and Verschuren, W. M. Monique and Victora, Cesar G. and Viegi, Giovanni and Viet, Lucie and Vik, Frøydis N. and Vilar, Monica and Villalpando, Salvador and Vioque, Jesus and Virtanen, Jyrki K. and Visvikis-Siest, Sophie and Viswanathan, Bharathi and Vladulescu, Mihaela and Vlasoff, Tiina and Vocanec, Dorja and Vollenweider, Peter and Völzke, Henry and Voutilainen, Ari and Vrijheid, Martine and Vrijkotte, Tanja G. M. and Wade, Alisha N. and Waldhör, Thomas and Walton, Janette and Wambiya, Elvis O. A. and Bebakar, Wan Mohamad Wan and Mohamud, Wan Nazaimoon Wan and de Souza Wanderley Júnior, Rildo and Wang, Ming-Dong and Wang, Ningli and Wang, Qian and Wang, Xiangjun and Wang, Ya Xing and Wang, Ying-Wei and Wannamethee, S. Goya and Wareham, Nicholas and Weber, Adelheid and Webster-Kerr, Karen and Wedderkopp, Niels and Weghuber, Daniel and Wei, Wenbin and Weres, Aneta and Werner, Bo and Westbury, Leo D. and Whincup, Peter H. and Wickramasinghe, Kremlin and Widhalm, Kurt and Widyahening, Indah S. and Więcek, Andrzej and Wild, Philipp S. and Wilks, Rainford J. and Willeit, Johann and Willeit, Peter and Williams, Julianne and Wilsgaard, Tom and Wojciech, Rusek and Wojtyniak, Bogdan and Wolf, Kathrin and Wong-McClure, Roy A. and Wong, Andrew and Wong, Emily B. and Wong, Jyh Eiin and Wong, Tien Yin and Woo, Jean and Woodward, Mark and Wu, Frederick C. and Wu, Hon-Yen and Wu, Jianfeng and Wu, Li Juan and Wu, Shouling and Wyszyńska, Justyna and Xu, Haiquan and Xu, Liang and Yaacob, Nor Azwany and Yamborisut, Uruwan and Yan, Weili and Yang, Ling and Yang, Xiaoguang and Yang, Yang and Yardim, Nazan and Yasuharu, Tabara and García, Martha Yépez and Yiallouros, Panayiotis K. and Yngve, Agneta and Yoosefi, Moein and Yoshihara, Akihiro and You, Qi Sheng and You, San-Lin and Younger-Coleman, Novie O. and Yu, Yu-Ling and Yu, Yunjiang and Yusof, Safiah Md and Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi and Zaccagni, Luciana and Zafiropulos, Vassilis and Zainuddin, Ahmad A. and Zakavi, Seyed Rasoul and Zamani, Farhad and Zambon, Sabina and Zampelas, Antonis and Zamrazilová, Hana and Zapata, Maria Elisa and Zargar, Abdul Hamid and Zaw, Ko Ko and Zayed, Ayman A. and Zdrojewski, Tomasz and Żegleń, Magdalena and Zejglicova, Kristyna and Vrkic, Tajana Zeljkovic and Zeng, Yi and Zhang, Luxia and Zhang, Zhen-Yu and Zhao, Dong and Zhao, Ming-Hui and Zhao, Wenhua and Zhecheva, Yanitsa V. and Zhen, Shiqi and Zheng, Wei and Zheng, Yingfeng and Zholdin, Bekbolat and Zhou, Maigeng and Zhu, Dan and Zins, Marie and Zitt, Emanuel and Zocalo, Yanina and Zoghlami, Nada and Cisneros, Julio Zuñiga and Zuziak, Monika and Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. and Black, Robert E. and Ezzati, Majid}},
  issn         = {{0028-0836}},
  journal      = {{NATURE}},
  keywords     = {{Multidisciplinary}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{7954}},
  pages        = {{874--883}},
  title        = {{Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05772-8}},
  volume       = {{615}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

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