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Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for selenium

Dominique Turck, Torsten Bohn, Jacqueline Castenmiller, Stefaan De Henauw (UGent) , Karen-Ildico Hirsch-Ernst, Helle Katrine Knutsen, Alexandre Maciuk, Inge Mangelsdorf, Harry J. McArdle, Carmen Pelaez, et al.
(2023) EFSA JOURNAL. 21(1).
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Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for selenium. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted to identify evidence regarding excess selenium intake and clinical effects and potential biomarkers of effect, risk of chronic diseases and impaired neuropsychological development in humans. Alopecia, as an early observable feature and a well-established adverse effect of excess selenium exposure, is selected as the critical endpoint on which to base a UL for selenium. A lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL) of 330 mu g/day is identified from a large randomised controlled trial in humans (the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)), to which an uncertainty factor of 1.3 is applied. A UL of 255 mu g/day is established for adult men and women (including pregnant and lactating women). ULs for children are derived from the UL for adults using allometric scaling (body weight(0.75)). Based on available intake data, adult consumers are unlikely to exceed the UL, except for regular users of food supplements containing high daily doses of selenium or regular consumers of Brazil nuts. No risk has been reported with the current levels of selenium intake in European countries from food (excluding food supplements) in toddlers and children, and selenium intake arising from the natural content of foods does not raise reasons for concern. Selenium-containing supplements in toddlers and children should be used with caution, based on individual needs.
Keywords
PROSTATE-CANCER RISK, GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY, RANDOMIZED, CONTROLLED-TRIAL, POLYCYSTIC-OVARY-SYNDROME, CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE, SERUM SELENIUM, DIETARY SELENIUM, PLASMA SELENIUM, SELENOPROTEIN-P, TOENAIL SELENIUM, tolerable upper intake level, UL, selenium, dietary reference value

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MLA
Turck, Dominique, et al. “Scientific Opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for Selenium.” EFSA JOURNAL, vol. 21, no. 1, Wiley, 2023, doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7704.
APA
Turck, D., Bohn, T., Castenmiller, J., De Henauw, S., Hirsch-Ernst, K.-I., Knutsen, H. K., … Naska, A. (2023). Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for selenium. EFSA JOURNAL, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7704
Chicago author-date
Turck, Dominique, Torsten Bohn, Jacqueline Castenmiller, Stefaan De Henauw, Karen-Ildico Hirsch-Ernst, Helle Katrine Knutsen, Alexandre Maciuk, et al. 2023. “Scientific Opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for Selenium.” EFSA JOURNAL 21 (1). https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7704.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Turck, Dominique, Torsten Bohn, Jacqueline Castenmiller, Stefaan De Henauw, Karen-Ildico Hirsch-Ernst, Helle Katrine Knutsen, Alexandre Maciuk, Inge Mangelsdorf, Harry J. McArdle, Carmen Pelaez, Kristina Pentieva, Alfonso Siani, Frank Thies, Sophia Tsabouri, Marco Vinceti, Peter Aggett, Marta Crous Bou, Francesco Cubadda, Laura Ciccolallo, Agnes de Sesmaisons Lecarre, Lucia Fabiani, Ariane Titz, and Androniki Naska. 2023. “Scientific Opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for Selenium.” EFSA JOURNAL 21 (1). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7704.
Vancouver
1.
Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, Hirsch-Ernst K-I, Knutsen HK, et al. Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for selenium. EFSA JOURNAL. 2023;21(1).
IEEE
[1]
D. Turck et al., “Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for selenium,” EFSA JOURNAL, vol. 21, no. 1, 2023.
@article{01GWHKV92XQ680WS9T4XFAY4NH,
  abstract     = {{Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for selenium. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted to identify evidence regarding excess selenium intake and clinical effects and potential biomarkers of effect, risk of chronic diseases and impaired neuropsychological development in humans. Alopecia, as an early observable feature and a well-established adverse effect of excess selenium exposure, is selected as the critical endpoint on which to base a UL for selenium. A lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL) of 330 mu g/day is identified from a large randomised controlled trial in humans (the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)), to which an uncertainty factor of 1.3 is applied. A UL of 255 mu g/day is established for adult men and women (including pregnant and lactating women). ULs for children are derived from the UL for adults using allometric scaling (body weight(0.75)). Based on available intake data, adult consumers are unlikely to exceed the UL, except for regular users of food supplements containing high daily doses of selenium or regular consumers of Brazil nuts. No risk has been reported with the current levels of selenium intake in European countries from food (excluding food supplements) in toddlers and children, and selenium intake arising from the natural content of foods does not raise reasons for concern. Selenium-containing supplements in toddlers and children should be used with caution, based on individual needs.}},
  articleno    = {{e07704}},
  author       = {{Turck, Dominique and  Bohn, Torsten and  Castenmiller, Jacqueline and De Henauw, Stefaan and  Hirsch-Ernst, Karen-Ildico and  Knutsen, Helle Katrine and  Maciuk, Alexandre and  Mangelsdorf, Inge and  McArdle, Harry J. and  Pelaez, Carmen and  Pentieva, Kristina and  Siani, Alfonso and  Thies, Frank and  Tsabouri, Sophia and  Vinceti, Marco and  Aggett, Peter and  Crous Bou, Marta and  Cubadda, Francesco and  Ciccolallo, Laura and  de Sesmaisons Lecarre, Agnes and  Fabiani, Lucia and  Titz, Ariane and  Naska, Androniki}},
  issn         = {{1831-4732}},
  journal      = {{EFSA JOURNAL}},
  keywords     = {{PROSTATE-CANCER RISK,GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY,RANDOMIZED,CONTROLLED-TRIAL,POLYCYSTIC-OVARY-SYNDROME,CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE,SERUM SELENIUM,DIETARY SELENIUM,PLASMA SELENIUM,SELENOPROTEIN-P,TOENAIL SELENIUM,tolerable upper intake level,UL,selenium,dietary reference value}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{194}},
  publisher    = {{Wiley}},
  title        = {{Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for selenium}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7704}},
  volume       = {{21}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}
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