Do the lockdown-imposed changes in a wastewater treatment plant catchment's socio-demographics impact longitudinal temporal trends in psychoactive pharmaceutical use?
- Author
- Tim Boogaerts, Maarten Quireyns, Hans De Loof, Xander Bertels (UGent) , Natan Van Wichelen, Bram Pussig, Jan Saevels, Lies Lahousse (UGent) , Pauline Bonmariage, Wouter Hamelinck, Bert Aertgeerts, Adrian Covaci and Alexander L.N. van Nuijs
- Organization
- Abstract
- Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) includes the analysis of human metabolic biomarkers of xenobiotics in influent wastewater. WBE complements existing drug utilization approaches and provides objective, spatio-temporal information on the consumption of pharmaceuticals in the general population. This approach was applied to 24-h composite influent wastewater samples from Leuven, Belgium. Daily samples were analysed from September 2019 to December 2019 (n = 76), and on three days of the week (Monday, Wednesday, Saturday) from January 2020 to April 2022 (n = 367). Sample analysis consisted of 96-well solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Measured concentrations of 21 biomarkers for antidepressant and opioid use were converted to population-normalized mass loads (PNML) by considering the flow rate and catchment population. To capture population movements, mobile phone data was used. Amitriptyline, hydroxy-bupropion, norcitalopram, citalopram, normirtazapine, trazodone, O-desmethylvenlafaxine, codeine, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), methadone, morphine, O-desmethyltramadol, and tramadol were included in the temporal assessment since concentrations were above the lower limit of quantification. The PNML of most biomarkers increased (with 3–119 %) throughout the sampling period. The population disruption during the COVID-19 pandemic led to a major change in the socio-demographics of the catchment area, resulting in temporal differences in the PNML of the different biomarkers. As such, higher PNML were observed during the different lockdown phases, which were characterized by the outflow of university students and a decreasing commuting in and out the catchment area. The effects of the fluctuating socio-demographics of the catchment population were further evidenced by the different week-weekend pattern of PNMLs over the course of the sampling campaign. Mean parent/metabolite ratios (i.e., citalopram/norcitalopram, tramadol/O-desmethyltramadol, venlafaxine/O-desmethylvenlafaxine, and methadone/EDDP) remained relatively stable throughout the entire sampling campaign (RSD% below 25 % for all ratios, except for methadone/EDDP) and therefore were not affected by this population change.
- Keywords
- Pollution, Waste Management and Disposal, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental Engineering, Opioids, Antidepressants, Wastewater-based epidemiology, COVID-19, Mobile phone data, Socio-demographics
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Citation
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication: http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-01GTBHA36ENF1K9XHJF9YM62FZ
- MLA
- Boogaerts, Tim, et al. “Do the Lockdown-Imposed Changes in a Wastewater Treatment Plant Catchment’s Socio-Demographics Impact Longitudinal Temporal Trends in Psychoactive Pharmaceutical Use?” SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, vol. 876, 2023, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162342.
- APA
- Boogaerts, T., Quireyns, M., De Loof, H., Bertels, X., Van Wichelen, N., Pussig, B., … van Nuijs, A. L. N. (2023). Do the lockdown-imposed changes in a wastewater treatment plant catchment’s socio-demographics impact longitudinal temporal trends in psychoactive pharmaceutical use? SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162342
- Chicago author-date
- Boogaerts, Tim, Maarten Quireyns, Hans De Loof, Xander Bertels, Natan Van Wichelen, Bram Pussig, Jan Saevels, et al. 2023. “Do the Lockdown-Imposed Changes in a Wastewater Treatment Plant Catchment’s Socio-Demographics Impact Longitudinal Temporal Trends in Psychoactive Pharmaceutical Use?” SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162342.
- Chicago author-date (all authors)
- Boogaerts, Tim, Maarten Quireyns, Hans De Loof, Xander Bertels, Natan Van Wichelen, Bram Pussig, Jan Saevels, Lies Lahousse, Pauline Bonmariage, Wouter Hamelinck, Bert Aertgeerts, Adrian Covaci, and Alexander L.N. van Nuijs. 2023. “Do the Lockdown-Imposed Changes in a Wastewater Treatment Plant Catchment’s Socio-Demographics Impact Longitudinal Temporal Trends in Psychoactive Pharmaceutical Use?” SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 876. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162342.
- Vancouver
- 1.Boogaerts T, Quireyns M, De Loof H, Bertels X, Van Wichelen N, Pussig B, et al. Do the lockdown-imposed changes in a wastewater treatment plant catchment’s socio-demographics impact longitudinal temporal trends in psychoactive pharmaceutical use? SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. 2023;876.
- IEEE
- [1]T. Boogaerts et al., “Do the lockdown-imposed changes in a wastewater treatment plant catchment’s socio-demographics impact longitudinal temporal trends in psychoactive pharmaceutical use?,” SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, vol. 876, 2023.
@article{01GTBHA36ENF1K9XHJF9YM62FZ, abstract = {{Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) includes the analysis of human metabolic biomarkers of xenobiotics in influent wastewater. WBE complements existing drug utilization approaches and provides objective, spatio-temporal information on the consumption of pharmaceuticals in the general population. This approach was applied to 24-h composite influent wastewater samples from Leuven, Belgium. Daily samples were analysed from September 2019 to December 2019 (n = 76), and on three days of the week (Monday, Wednesday, Saturday) from January 2020 to April 2022 (n = 367). Sample analysis consisted of 96-well solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Measured concentrations of 21 biomarkers for antidepressant and opioid use were converted to population-normalized mass loads (PNML) by considering the flow rate and catchment population. To capture population movements, mobile phone data was used. Amitriptyline, hydroxy-bupropion, norcitalopram, citalopram, normirtazapine, trazodone, O-desmethylvenlafaxine, codeine, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), methadone, morphine, O-desmethyltramadol, and tramadol were included in the temporal assessment since concentrations were above the lower limit of quantification. The PNML of most biomarkers increased (with 3–119 %) throughout the sampling period. The population disruption during the COVID-19 pandemic led to a major change in the socio-demographics of the catchment area, resulting in temporal differences in the PNML of the different biomarkers. As such, higher PNML were observed during the different lockdown phases, which were characterized by the outflow of university students and a decreasing commuting in and out the catchment area. The effects of the fluctuating socio-demographics of the catchment population were further evidenced by the different week-weekend pattern of PNMLs over the course of the sampling campaign. Mean parent/metabolite ratios (i.e., citalopram/norcitalopram, tramadol/O-desmethyltramadol, venlafaxine/O-desmethylvenlafaxine, and methadone/EDDP) remained relatively stable throughout the entire sampling campaign (RSD% below 25 % for all ratios, except for methadone/EDDP) and therefore were not affected by this population change.}}, articleno = {{162342}}, author = {{Boogaerts, Tim and Quireyns, Maarten and De Loof, Hans and Bertels, Xander and Van Wichelen, Natan and Pussig, Bram and Saevels, Jan and Lahousse, Lies and Bonmariage, Pauline and Hamelinck, Wouter and Aertgeerts, Bert and Covaci, Adrian and van Nuijs, Alexander L.N.}}, issn = {{0048-9697}}, journal = {{SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT}}, keywords = {{Pollution,Waste Management and Disposal,Environmental Chemistry,Environmental Engineering,Opioids,Antidepressants,Wastewater-based epidemiology,COVID-19,Mobile phone data,Socio-demographics}}, language = {{eng}}, pages = {{14}}, title = {{Do the lockdown-imposed changes in a wastewater treatment plant catchment's socio-demographics impact longitudinal temporal trends in psychoactive pharmaceutical use?}}, url = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162342}}, volume = {{876}}, year = {{2023}}, }
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