@article{01GS7CWW5B02S40CG133VDRCWB,
  abstract     = {{The reinforcement learning (RL) theory of the reward positivity (RewP) proposes that RewP indexes a reward prediction error (RPE) signal processed in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). According to this theory, RewP is an event-related potential (ERP) that is more positive-going for feedback stimuli that predict better-than-expected outcomes (positive feedback) than for feedback stimuli that predict worse-than-expected outcomes (negative feedback). Despite strong evidence for this hypothesis, findings have been equivocal for tasks involving painful outcomes. We hypothesized that the RewP is modulated by high-level task goals such that outcomes that are congruent with the goals elicit positive RPEs even if their immediate consequences are negative. Accordingly, changes in high-level task goals should modulate RewP amplitude for tasks that involve seeking pain compared to tasks that involve avoiding pain. We recorded the electroencephalogram from participants who were instructed to navigate a virtual T-Maze to find reward-predictive feedback in a reward condition and pain-predictive feedback in a pain condition. We expected more positive-going ERPs to reward feedback in the reward condition and more positive-going ERPs to pain feedback in the pain condition. Despite behavioral results indicating that participants complied with task instructions, contrary to our predictions, we did not find a RewP to pain feedback. We suggest that pain feedback interfered with the effect of high-level task goals on RewP amplitude, which is indicative of conflict at different levels of task hierarchy.}},
  articleno    = {{e14004}},
  author       = {{Heydari, Sepideh and Holroyd, Clay}},
  issn         = {{0048-5772}},
  journal      = {{PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY}},
  keywords     = {{Experimental and Cognitive Psychology,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology,Biological Psychiatry,Cognitive Neuroscience,Developmental Neuroscience,Endocrine and Autonomic Systems,Neurology,General Neuroscience,anterior cingulate cortex,decision-making,EEG,ERP,pain,reward,positivity,salience,PREDICTION ERROR,ANTERIOR CINGULATE,BRAIN POTENTIALS,FRONTAL-CORTEX}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{6}},
  pages        = {{10}},
  title        = {{Pain feedback interferes with reward positivity production}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14004}},
  volume       = {{59}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

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