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Simulation study on 3D convolutional neural networks for time-of-flight prediction in monolithic PET detectors using digitized waveforms

Jens Maebe (UGent) and Stefaan Vandenberghe (UGent)
(2022) PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY. 67(12).
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Organization
Abstract
Objective. We investigate the use of 3D convolutional neural networks for gamma arrival time estimation in monolithic scintillation detectors. Approach. The required data is obtained by Monte Carlo simulation in GATE v8.2, based on a 50 x 50 x 16 mm(3) monolithic LYSO crystal coupled to an 8 x 8 readout array of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). The electronic signals are simulated as a sum of bi-exponentional functions centered around the scintillation photon detection times. We include various effects of statistical fluctuations present in non-ideal SiPMs, such as dark counts and limited photon detection efficiency. The data was simulated for two distinct overvoltages of the SensL J-Series 60 035 SiPMs, in order to test the effects of different SiPM parameters. The neural network uses the array of detector waveforms, digitized at 10 GS s(-1), to predict the time at which the gamma arrived at the crystal. Main results. Best results were achieved for an overvoltage of +6 V, at which point the SiPM reaches its optimal photon detection efficiency, resulting in a coincidence time resolution (CTR) of 141 ps full width at half maximum (FWHM). It is a 26% improvement compared to a simple averaging of the first few SiPM timestamps obtained by leading edge discrimination, which in comparison produced a CTR of 177 ps FWHM. In addition, better detector uniformity was achieved, although some degradation near the corners did remain. Significance. These improvements in time resolution can lead to higher signal-to-noise ratios in time-of-flight positron emission tomography, ultimately resulting in better diagnostic capabilities.
Keywords
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, positron emission tomography, PET, time-of-flight, monolithic, scintillation detector, deep learning, convolutional neural network, CNN, RESOLUTION

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MLA
Maebe, Jens, and Stefaan Vandenberghe. “Simulation Study on 3D Convolutional Neural Networks for Time-of-Flight Prediction in Monolithic PET Detectors Using Digitized Waveforms.” PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, vol. 67, no. 12, 2022, doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ac73d3.
APA
Maebe, J., & Vandenberghe, S. (2022). Simulation study on 3D convolutional neural networks for time-of-flight prediction in monolithic PET detectors using digitized waveforms. PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, 67(12). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac73d3
Chicago author-date
Maebe, Jens, and Stefaan Vandenberghe. 2022. “Simulation Study on 3D Convolutional Neural Networks for Time-of-Flight Prediction in Monolithic PET Detectors Using Digitized Waveforms.” PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 67 (12). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac73d3.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Maebe, Jens, and Stefaan Vandenberghe. 2022. “Simulation Study on 3D Convolutional Neural Networks for Time-of-Flight Prediction in Monolithic PET Detectors Using Digitized Waveforms.” PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 67 (12). doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ac73d3.
Vancouver
1.
Maebe J, Vandenberghe S. Simulation study on 3D convolutional neural networks for time-of-flight prediction in monolithic PET detectors using digitized waveforms. PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY. 2022;67(12).
IEEE
[1]
J. Maebe and S. Vandenberghe, “Simulation study on 3D convolutional neural networks for time-of-flight prediction in monolithic PET detectors using digitized waveforms,” PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, vol. 67, no. 12, 2022.
@article{01GQSNYN1FAE8SBMEFN7REYK2S,
  abstract     = {{Objective. We investigate the use of 3D convolutional neural networks for gamma arrival time estimation in monolithic scintillation detectors. Approach. The required data is obtained by Monte Carlo simulation in GATE v8.2, based on a 50 x 50 x 16 mm(3) monolithic LYSO crystal coupled to an 8 x 8 readout array of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). The electronic signals are simulated as a sum of bi-exponentional functions centered around the scintillation photon detection times. We include various effects of statistical fluctuations present in non-ideal SiPMs, such as dark counts and limited photon detection efficiency. The data was simulated for two distinct overvoltages of the SensL J-Series 60 035 SiPMs, in order to test the effects of different SiPM parameters. The neural network uses the array of detector waveforms, digitized at 10 GS s(-1), to predict the time at which the gamma arrived at the crystal. Main results. Best results were achieved for an overvoltage of +6 V, at which point the SiPM reaches its optimal photon detection efficiency, resulting in a coincidence time resolution (CTR) of 141 ps full width at half maximum (FWHM). It is a 26% improvement compared to a simple averaging of the first few SiPM timestamps obtained by leading edge discrimination, which in comparison produced a CTR of 177 ps FWHM. In addition, better detector uniformity was achieved, although some degradation near the corners did remain. Significance. These improvements in time resolution can lead to higher signal-to-noise ratios in time-of-flight positron emission tomography, ultimately resulting in better diagnostic capabilities.}},
  articleno    = {{125016}},
  author       = {{Maebe, Jens and Vandenberghe, Stefaan}},
  issn         = {{0031-9155}},
  journal      = {{PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY}},
  keywords     = {{Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging,Radiological and Ultrasound Technology,positron emission tomography,PET,time-of-flight,monolithic,scintillation detector,deep learning,convolutional neural network,CNN,RESOLUTION}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{12}},
  pages        = {{10}},
  title        = {{Simulation study on 3D convolutional neural networks for time-of-flight prediction in monolithic PET detectors using digitized waveforms}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac73d3}},
  volume       = {{67}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}
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