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Uncovering the white etching area and crack formation mechanism in bearing steel

Ksenija Nikolić, Vitoria Mattos Ferreira, Loïc Malet, Tom Depover (UGent) , Kim Verbeken (UGent) and Roumen Petrov (UGent)
(2023) MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION. 197.
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Abstract
The microstructure of a damaged bearing from the field was characterized in this work with the intention to better understand microstructural features behind formation of White Etching Cracks (WEC) in bearings. Microstructural characterization of the altered white etching area (WEA) involved conventional electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), followed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD). In addition, automated crystallographic orientation mapping in TEM was performed on lamellae from selected regions of the WEA extracted via focus ion beam milling. The results revealed that the orientation of detectable grains within WEA is similar to that of the vicinal bulk material. WEA consists of small spherical grains (average 30 nm) and the orientation of the grains varied significantly in the deformed zone, suggesting that recrystallization had occurred. The interface between bulk material and the deformed zone is very sharp. Furthermore, needle-like grains, most likely originating from the zone undergoing only modest levels of severe plastic deformation, occurred in WEA. The occurrence of different grain sizes in WEA and incomplete plastic deformation strongly support the hypothesis of WEC formation via severe plastic deformation followed by recrystallization.
Keywords
Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials, Condensed Matter Physics, General Materials Science, Renewable Energy, Sustainable and the Environment, TEM, FIB, EBSD, Rolling contact fatigue, White etching cracks, White etching area, Bearing steel

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MLA
Nikolić, Ksenija, et al. “Uncovering the White Etching Area and Crack Formation Mechanism in Bearing Steel.” MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION, vol. 197, Elsevier BV, 2023, doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2023.112659.
APA
Nikolić, K., Ferreira, V. M., Malet, L., Depover, T., Verbeken, K., & Petrov, R. (2023). Uncovering the white etching area and crack formation mechanism in bearing steel. MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION, 197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2023.112659
Chicago author-date
Nikolić, Ksenija, Vitoria Mattos Ferreira, Loïc Malet, Tom Depover, Kim Verbeken, and Roumen Petrov. 2023. “Uncovering the White Etching Area and Crack Formation Mechanism in Bearing Steel.” MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION 197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2023.112659.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Nikolić, Ksenija, Vitoria Mattos Ferreira, Loïc Malet, Tom Depover, Kim Verbeken, and Roumen Petrov. 2023. “Uncovering the White Etching Area and Crack Formation Mechanism in Bearing Steel.” MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION 197. doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2023.112659.
Vancouver
1.
Nikolić K, Ferreira VM, Malet L, Depover T, Verbeken K, Petrov R. Uncovering the white etching area and crack formation mechanism in bearing steel. MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION. 2023;197.
IEEE
[1]
K. Nikolić, V. M. Ferreira, L. Malet, T. Depover, K. Verbeken, and R. Petrov, “Uncovering the white etching area and crack formation mechanism in bearing steel,” MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION, vol. 197, 2023.
@article{01GQJS6FS62GRASRW2QSCVR5MY,
  abstract     = {{The microstructure of a damaged bearing from the field was characterized in this work with the intention to better understand microstructural features behind formation of White Etching Cracks (WEC) in bearings. Microstructural characterization of the altered white etching area (WEA) involved conventional electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), followed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD). In addition, automated crystallographic orientation mapping in TEM was performed on lamellae from selected regions of the WEA extracted via focus ion beam milling. The results revealed that the orientation of detectable grains within WEA is similar to that of the vicinal bulk material. WEA consists of small spherical grains (average 30 nm) and the orientation of the grains varied significantly in the deformed zone, suggesting that recrystallization had occurred. The interface between bulk material and the deformed zone is very sharp. Furthermore, needle-like grains, most likely originating from the zone undergoing only modest levels of severe plastic deformation, occurred in WEA. The occurrence of different grain sizes in WEA and incomplete plastic deformation strongly support the hypothesis of WEC formation via severe plastic deformation followed by recrystallization.}},
  articleno    = {{112659}},
  author       = {{Nikolić, Ksenija and Ferreira, Vitoria Mattos and Malet, Loïc and Depover, Tom and Verbeken, Kim and Petrov, Roumen}},
  issn         = {{1044-5803}},
  journal      = {{MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION}},
  keywords     = {{Mechanical Engineering,Mechanics of Materials,Condensed Matter Physics,General Materials Science,Renewable Energy, Sustainable and the Environment,TEM,FIB,EBSD,Rolling contact fatigue,White etching cracks,White etching area,Bearing steel}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{9}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier BV}},
  title        = {{Uncovering the white etching area and crack formation mechanism in bearing steel}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2023.112659}},
  volume       = {{197}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}
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