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Parenting culture(s) : ideal-parent beliefs across 37 countries

Gao-Xian Lin, Moïra Mikolajczak, Heidi Keller, Ege Akgun, Gizem Arikan, Kaisa Aunola, Elizabeth Barham, Eliane Besson, M. Annelise Blanchard, Emilie Boujut, et al.
(2023) JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY. 54(1). p.4-24
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Abstract
What is it to be “an ideal parent”? Does the answer differ across countries and social classes? To answer these questions in a way that minimizes bias and ethnocentrism, we used open-ended questions to explore ideal-parent beliefs among 8,357 mothers and 3,517 fathers from 37 countries. Leximancer Semantic Network Analysis was utilized to first determine parenting culture zones (i.e., countries with shared ideal-parent beliefs) and then extract the predominant themes and concepts in each culture zone. The results yielded specific types of ideal-parent beliefs in five parenting culture zones: being “responsible and children/family-focused” for Asian parents, being “responsible and proper demeanor-focused” for African parents, and being “loving and responsible” for Hispanic-Italian parents. Although the most important themes and concepts were the same in the final two zones—being “loving and patient,” there were subtle differences: English-speaking, European Union, and Russian parents emphasized “being caring,” while French-speaking parents valued “listening” or being “present.” Ideal-parent beliefs also differed by education levels within culture zones, but no general pattern was discerned across culture zones. These findings suggest that the country in which parents were born cannot fully explain their differences in ideal-parent beliefs and that differences arising from social class or education level cannot be dismissed. Future research should consider how these differences affect the validity of the measurements in question and how they can be incorporated into parenting intervention research within and across cultures.
Keywords
Anthropology, Cultural Studies, Social Psychology, parental beliefs, automated content analysis, positive parenting, qualitative and quantitative methods, semantic network analysis, MENTAL-HEALTH, CHILD, AMERICAN, MOTHERS, CHINESE, SELF, CONCEPTUALIZATION, RELATEDNESS, DISCIPLINE, PSYCHOLOGY

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Citation

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MLA
Lin, Gao-Xian, et al. “Parenting Culture(s) : Ideal-Parent Beliefs across 37 Countries.” JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY, vol. 54, no. 1, 2023, pp. 4–24, doi:10.1177/00220221221123043.
APA
Lin, G.-X., Mikolajczak, M., Keller, H., Akgun, E., Arikan, G., Aunola, K., … Roskam, I. (2023). Parenting culture(s) : ideal-parent beliefs across 37 countries. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY, 54(1), 4–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220221221123043
Chicago author-date
Lin, Gao-Xian, Moïra Mikolajczak, Heidi Keller, Ege Akgun, Gizem Arikan, Kaisa Aunola, Elizabeth Barham, et al. 2023. “Parenting Culture(s) : Ideal-Parent Beliefs across 37 Countries.” JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 54 (1): 4–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220221221123043.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Lin, Gao-Xian, Moïra Mikolajczak, Heidi Keller, Ege Akgun, Gizem Arikan, Kaisa Aunola, Elizabeth Barham, Eliane Besson, M. Annelise Blanchard, Emilie Boujut, Maria Elena Brianda, Anna Brytek-Matera, Filipa César, Bin-Bin Chen, Géraldine Dorard, Luciana Carla dos Santos Elias, Sandra Dunsmuir, Natalia Egorova, Maria Josefina Escobar, Nicolas Favez, Anne Marie Fontaine, Heather Foran, Kaichiro Furutani, Myrna Gannagé, Maria Gaspar, Lucie Godbout, Amit Goldenberg, James J. Gross, Maria Ancuta Gurza, Ogma Hatta, Alexandre Heeren, Mai Helmy, Mai-Trang Huynh, Emérence Kaneza, Taishi Kawamoto, Nassima Kellou, Bassantéa Lodegaèna Kpassagou, Ljiljana Lazarevic, Sarah Le Vigouroux, Astrid Lebert-Charron, Vanessa Leme, Carolyn MacCann, Denisse Manrique-Millones, Oussama Medjahdi, Rosa Bertha Millones Rivalles, María Isabel Miranda Orrego, Marina Miscioscia, Seyyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi, Badra Moutassem-Mimouni, Hugh Murphy, Alexis Ndayizigiye, Tenkue Josué Ngnombouowo, Sally Olderbak, Sophie Ornawka, Daniela Oyarce Cádiz, Pablo A. Pérez-Díaz, Konstantinos Petrides, Alena Prikhidko, Fernando Salinas-Quiroz, Maria-Pia Santelices, Charlotte Schrooyen, Paola Silva, Alessandra Simonelli, Matilda Sorkkila, Elena Stănculescu, Elena Starchenkova, Dorota Szczygieł, Javier Tapia, Melissa Tremblay, Thi Minh Thuy Tri, A. Meltem Üstündağ-Budak, Maday Valdés Pacheco, Hedwig van Bakel, Lesley Verhofstadt, Jaqueline Wendland, Saengduean Yotanyamaneewong, and Isabelle Roskam. 2023. “Parenting Culture(s) : Ideal-Parent Beliefs across 37 Countries.” JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 54 (1): 4–24. doi:10.1177/00220221221123043.
Vancouver
1.
Lin G-X, Mikolajczak M, Keller H, Akgun E, Arikan G, Aunola K, et al. Parenting culture(s) : ideal-parent beliefs across 37 countries. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY. 2023;54(1):4–24.
IEEE
[1]
G.-X. Lin et al., “Parenting culture(s) : ideal-parent beliefs across 37 countries,” JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 4–24, 2023.
@article{01GNW51KDKARV5FJBJZYS3SGT8,
  abstract     = {{What is it to be “an ideal parent”? Does the answer differ across countries and social classes? To answer these questions in a way that minimizes bias and ethnocentrism, we used open-ended questions to explore ideal-parent beliefs among 8,357 mothers and 3,517 fathers from 37 countries. Leximancer Semantic Network Analysis was utilized to first determine parenting culture zones (i.e., countries with shared ideal-parent beliefs) and then extract the predominant themes and concepts in each culture zone. The results yielded specific types of ideal-parent beliefs in five parenting culture zones: being “responsible and children/family-focused” for Asian parents, being “responsible and proper demeanor-focused” for African parents, and being “loving and responsible” for Hispanic-Italian parents. Although the most important themes and concepts were the same in the final two zones—being “loving and patient,” there were subtle differences: English-speaking, European Union, and Russian parents emphasized “being caring,” while French-speaking parents valued “listening” or being “present.” Ideal-parent beliefs also differed by education levels within culture zones, but no general pattern was discerned across culture zones. These findings suggest that the country in which parents were born cannot fully explain their differences in ideal-parent beliefs and that differences arising from social class or education level cannot be dismissed. Future research should consider how these differences affect the validity of the measurements in question and how they can be incorporated into parenting intervention research within and across cultures.}},
  author       = {{Lin, Gao-Xian and Mikolajczak, Moïra and Keller, Heidi and Akgun, Ege and Arikan, Gizem and Aunola, Kaisa and Barham, Elizabeth and Besson, Eliane and Blanchard, M. Annelise and Boujut, Emilie and Brianda, Maria Elena and Brytek-Matera, Anna and César, Filipa and Chen, Bin-Bin and Dorard, Géraldine and dos Santos Elias, Luciana Carla and Dunsmuir, Sandra and Egorova, Natalia and Escobar, Maria Josefina and Favez, Nicolas and Fontaine, Anne Marie and Foran, Heather and Furutani, Kaichiro and Gannagé, Myrna and Gaspar, Maria and Godbout, Lucie and Goldenberg, Amit and Gross, James J. and Gurza, Maria Ancuta and Hatta, Ogma and Heeren, Alexandre and Helmy, Mai and Huynh, Mai-Trang and Kaneza, Emérence and Kawamoto, Taishi and Kellou, Nassima and Kpassagou, Bassantéa Lodegaèna and Lazarevic, Ljiljana and Le Vigouroux, Sarah and Lebert-Charron, Astrid and Leme, Vanessa and MacCann, Carolyn and Manrique-Millones, Denisse and Medjahdi, Oussama and Millones Rivalles, Rosa Bertha and Miranda Orrego, María Isabel and Miscioscia, Marina and Mousavi, Seyyedeh Fatemeh and Moutassem-Mimouni, Badra and Murphy, Hugh and Ndayizigiye, Alexis and Ngnombouowo, Tenkue Josué and Olderbak, Sally and Ornawka, Sophie and Cádiz, Daniela Oyarce and Pérez-Díaz, Pablo A. and Petrides, Konstantinos and Prikhidko, Alena and Salinas-Quiroz, Fernando and Santelices, Maria-Pia and Schrooyen, Charlotte and Silva, Paola and Simonelli, Alessandra and Sorkkila, Matilda and Stănculescu, Elena and Starchenkova, Elena and Szczygieł, Dorota and Tapia, Javier and Tremblay, Melissa and Tri, Thi Minh Thuy and Üstündağ-Budak, A. Meltem and Valdés Pacheco, Maday and van Bakel, Hedwig and Verhofstadt, Lesley and Wendland, Jaqueline and Yotanyamaneewong, Saengduean and Roskam, Isabelle}},
  issn         = {{0022-0221}},
  journal      = {{JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY}},
  keywords     = {{Anthropology,Cultural Studies,Social Psychology,parental beliefs,automated content analysis,positive parenting,qualitative and quantitative methods,semantic network analysis,MENTAL-HEALTH,CHILD,AMERICAN,MOTHERS,CHINESE,SELF,CONCEPTUALIZATION,RELATEDNESS,DISCIPLINE,PSYCHOLOGY}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{4--24}},
  title        = {{Parenting culture(s) : ideal-parent beliefs across 37 countries}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1177/00220221221123043}},
  volume       = {{54}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}
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