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Red noise in steady-state multiphase flow in porous media

Catherine Spurin, Maja Rucker, Marcel Moura, Tom Bultreys (UGent) , Gaetano Garfi, Steffen Berg, Martin J. Blunt and Samuel Krevor
(2022) WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH. 58(7).
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Abstract
Understanding the interaction between competing fluids in the pore space of rocks is key for predicting subsurface flow and trapping, such as with CO2 in a saline aquifer. These processes occur over a large span of timescales (from seconds to thousands of years), and length scales (from microns to kilometers). Understanding the link between these temporal and spatial scales will enable us to interpolate between observations made at different resolutions. In this work we explore the temporal scales present during macroscopically steady-state multiphase flow in a porous carbonate rock using differential pressure measurements acquired over a period of 60 min. Nitrogen and brine were injected simultaneously into a sample 5 mm in diameter and 21 mm in length. We observe a cascade of timescales in the pressure differential that is, a continuous range of frequencies, with lower frequencies having greater amplitudes. We demonstrate a scaling of the spectral density with frequency of S similar to 1/f(2), or red noise, to describe the dynamics. This scaling is independent of the flow rate of the fluids or the fraction of the flow taken by water. This red, or Brownian, noise indicates a stochastic process where pressure fluctuations are seen throughout the pore space, resulting in intermittent filling of pores over a wide range of time-scales, from seconds to minutes in these experiments. The presence of red noise suggests self-organized critically, with no characteristic time or length scale.
Keywords
Water Science and Technology, fourier analysis, subsurface flow, multiphase flow, red noise, CARBON-DIOXIDE STORAGE, HYDROGEN STORAGE, CO2, INTERMITTENCY, VARIABILITY, RESERVOIRS

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MLA
Spurin, Catherine, et al. “Red Noise in Steady-State Multiphase Flow in Porous Media.” WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, vol. 58, no. 7, 2022, doi:10.1029/2022WR031947.
APA
Spurin, C., Rucker, M., Moura, M., Bultreys, T., Garfi, G., Berg, S., … Krevor, S. (2022). Red noise in steady-state multiphase flow in porous media. WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 58(7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR031947
Chicago author-date
Spurin, Catherine, Maja Rucker, Marcel Moura, Tom Bultreys, Gaetano Garfi, Steffen Berg, Martin J. Blunt, and Samuel Krevor. 2022. “Red Noise in Steady-State Multiphase Flow in Porous Media.” WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 58 (7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR031947.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Spurin, Catherine, Maja Rucker, Marcel Moura, Tom Bultreys, Gaetano Garfi, Steffen Berg, Martin J. Blunt, and Samuel Krevor. 2022. “Red Noise in Steady-State Multiphase Flow in Porous Media.” WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 58 (7). doi:10.1029/2022WR031947.
Vancouver
1.
Spurin C, Rucker M, Moura M, Bultreys T, Garfi G, Berg S, et al. Red noise in steady-state multiphase flow in porous media. WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH. 2022;58(7).
IEEE
[1]
C. Spurin et al., “Red noise in steady-state multiphase flow in porous media,” WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, vol. 58, no. 7, 2022.
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  abstract     = {{Understanding the interaction between competing fluids in the pore space of rocks is key for predicting subsurface flow and trapping, such as with CO2 in a saline aquifer. These processes occur over a large span of timescales (from seconds to thousands of years), and length scales (from microns to kilometers). Understanding the link between these temporal and spatial scales will enable us to interpolate between observations made at different resolutions. In this work we explore the temporal scales present during macroscopically steady-state multiphase flow in a porous carbonate rock using differential pressure measurements acquired over a period of 60 min. Nitrogen and brine were injected simultaneously into a sample 5 mm in diameter and 21 mm in length. We observe a cascade of timescales in the pressure differential that is, a continuous range of frequencies, with lower frequencies having greater amplitudes. We demonstrate a scaling of the spectral density with frequency of S similar to 1/f(2), or red noise, to describe the dynamics. This scaling is independent of the flow rate of the fluids or the fraction of the flow taken by water. This red, or Brownian, noise indicates a stochastic process where pressure fluctuations are seen throughout the pore space, resulting in intermittent filling of pores over a wide range of time-scales, from seconds to minutes in these experiments. The presence of red noise suggests self-organized critically, with no characteristic time or length scale.}},
  articleno    = {{e2022WR031947}},
  author       = {{Spurin, Catherine and  Rucker, Maja and  Moura, Marcel and Bultreys, Tom and  Garfi, Gaetano and  Berg, Steffen and  Blunt, Martin J. and  Krevor, Samuel}},
  issn         = {{0043-1397}},
  journal      = {{WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH}},
  keywords     = {{Water Science and Technology,fourier analysis,subsurface flow,multiphase flow,red noise,CARBON-DIOXIDE STORAGE,HYDROGEN STORAGE,CO2,INTERMITTENCY,VARIABILITY,RESERVOIRS}},
  language     = {{und}},
  number       = {{7}},
  pages        = {{8}},
  title        = {{Red noise in steady-state multiphase flow in porous media}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR031947}},
  volume       = {{58}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}
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