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Abstract
The first JWST observations of nearby galaxies have unveiled a rich population of bubbles that trace the stellar feedback mechanisms responsible for their creation. Studying these bubbles therefore allows us to chart the interaction between stellar feedback and the interstellar medium, and the larger galactic flows needed to regulate star formation processes globally. We present the first catalog of bubbles in NGC628, visually identified using MIRI F770W PHANGS-JWST observations, and use them to statistically evaluate bubble characteristics. We classify 1694 structures as bubbles with radii between 6-552 pc. Of these, 31% contain at least one smaller bubble at their edge, indicating that previous generations of star formation have a local impact on where new stars form. On large scales, most bubbles lie near a spiral arm, and their radii increase downstream compared to upstream. Furthermore, bubbles are elongated in a similar direction to the spiral arm ridge-line. These azimuthal trends demonstrate that star formation is intimately connected to the spiral arm passage. Finally, the bubble size distribution follows a power-law of index p=−2.2±0.1, which is slightly shallower than the theoretical value by 1-3.5σ that did not include bubble mergers. The fraction of bubbles identified within the shells of larger bubbles suggests that bubble merging is a common process. Our analysis therefore allows us to quantify the number of star-forming regions that are influenced by an earlier generation, and the role feedback processes have in setting the global star formation rate. With the full PHANGS-JWST sample, we can do this for more galaxies.
Keywords
Superbubbles, Stellar wind bubbles, Infrared astronomy, H II regions, Stellar feedback

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MLA
J. Watkins, Elizabeth, et al. “PHANGS-JWST First Results : A Statistical View on Bubble Evolution in  NGC628.” ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, vol. 944, no. 2, 2023, doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aca6e4.
APA
J. Watkins, E., Barnes, A., F. Henny, K., Kim, H., Kreckel, K., van der Wel, S. M., … C. Whitmore, B. (2023). PHANGS-JWST first results : a statistical view on bubble evolution in  NGC628. ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, 944(2). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aca6e4
Chicago author-date
J. Watkins, Elizabeth, Ashley Barnes, Kiana F. Henny, Hwihyun Kim, Kathryn Kreckel, Sharon Meidt van der Wel, Ralf S. Klessen, et al. 2023. “PHANGS-JWST First Results : A Statistical View on Bubble Evolution in  NGC628.” ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS 944 (2). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aca6e4.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
J. Watkins, Elizabeth, Ashley Barnes, Kiana F. Henny, Hwihyun Kim, Kathryn Kreckel, Sharon Meidt van der Wel, Ralf S. Klessen, Simon C. O. Glover, Thomas G. Williams, B. W. Keller, Adam K. Leroy, Erik W. Rosolowsky, Mederic Boquien, Gagandeep S. Anand, Francesco Belfiore, Frank Bigiel, Guillermo Blanc, Yixian Cao, Rupali Chandar, Ness Mayker Chen, Mélanie Chevance, Enrico Congiu, Daniel A. Dale, Sinan Deger, Oleg Egorov, Eric Emsellem, Christopher M. Faesi, Kathryn Grasha, Brent Groves, Hamid Hassani, Jonathan Henshaw, Cinthya N. Herrera, Annie Hughes, Sarah Jeffreson, Maria Jesus Jimenez-Donaire, Eric W. Koch, J. M. Diederik Kruijssen, Kirsten L. Larson, Daizhong Liu, Laura A. Lopez, Ismael Pessa, Jerome Pety, Miguel Querejeta, Toshiki Saito, Karin M. Sandstrom, Fabian Scheuermann, Eva Schinnerer, Mattia C. Sormani, Sophia K. Stuber, David A. Thilker, Antonio Usero, and Bradley C. Whitmore. 2023. “PHANGS-JWST First Results : A Statistical View on Bubble Evolution in  NGC628.” ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS 944 (2). doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aca6e4.
Vancouver
1.
J. Watkins E, Barnes A, F. Henny K, Kim H, Kreckel K, van der Wel SM, et al. PHANGS-JWST first results : a statistical view on bubble evolution in  NGC628. ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS. 2023;944(2).
IEEE
[1]
E. J. Watkins et al., “PHANGS-JWST first results : a statistical view on bubble evolution in  NGC628,” ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, vol. 944, no. 2, 2023.
@article{01GKMJBJPVGVNT8SY5KXDR1YEJ,
  abstract     = {{The first JWST observations of nearby galaxies have unveiled a rich population of bubbles that trace the stellar feedback mechanisms responsible for their creation. Studying these bubbles therefore allows us to chart the interaction between stellar feedback and the interstellar medium, and the larger galactic flows needed to regulate star formation processes globally. We present the first catalog of bubbles in NGC628, visually identified using MIRI F770W PHANGS-JWST observations, and use them to statistically evaluate bubble characteristics. We classify 1694 structures as bubbles with radii between 6-552 pc. Of these, 31% contain at least one smaller bubble at their edge, indicating that previous generations of star formation have a local impact on where new stars form. On large scales, most bubbles lie near a spiral arm, and their radii increase downstream compared to upstream. Furthermore, bubbles are elongated in a similar direction to the spiral arm ridge-line. These azimuthal trends demonstrate that star formation is intimately connected to the spiral arm passage. Finally, the bubble size distribution follows a power-law of index p=−2.2±0.1, which is slightly shallower than the theoretical value by 1-3.5σ that did not include bubble mergers. The fraction of bubbles identified within the shells of larger bubbles suggests that bubble merging is a common process. Our analysis therefore allows us to quantify the number of star-forming regions that are influenced by an earlier generation, and the role feedback processes have in setting the global star formation rate. With the full PHANGS-JWST sample, we can do this for more galaxies.}},
  articleno    = {{L24}},
  author       = {{J. Watkins, Elizabeth and Barnes, Ashley and F. Henny, Kiana and Kim, Hwihyun and Kreckel, Kathryn and van der Wel, Sharon Meidt and S. Klessen, Ralf and C. O. Glover, Simon and G. Williams, Thomas and W. Keller, B. and K. Leroy, Adam and W. Rosolowsky, Erik and Boquien, Mederic and S. Anand, Gagandeep and Belfiore, Francesco and Bigiel, Frank and Blanc, Guillermo and Cao, Yixian and Chandar, Rupali and Mayker Chen, Ness and Chevance, Mélanie and Congiu, Enrico and A. Dale, Daniel and Deger, Sinan and Egorov, Oleg and Emsellem, Eric and M. Faesi, Christopher and Grasha, Kathryn and Groves, Brent and Hassani, Hamid and Henshaw, Jonathan and N. Herrera, Cinthya and Hughes, Annie and Jeffreson, Sarah and Jesus Jimenez-Donaire, Maria and W. Koch, Eric and M. Diederik Kruijssen, J. and L. Larson, Kirsten and Liu, Daizhong and A. Lopez, Laura and Pessa, Ismael and Pety, Jerome and Querejeta, Miguel and Saito, Toshiki and M. Sandstrom, Karin and Scheuermann, Fabian and Schinnerer, Eva and C. Sormani, Mattia and K. Stuber, Sophia and A. Thilker, David and Usero, Antonio and C. Whitmore, Bradley}},
  issn         = {{2041-8205}},
  journal      = {{ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS}},
  keywords     = {{Superbubbles,Stellar wind bubbles,Infrared astronomy,H II regions,Stellar feedback}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{18}},
  title        = {{PHANGS-JWST first results : a statistical view on bubble evolution in  NGC628}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aca6e4}},
  volume       = {{944}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

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