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The relationship between head shape, head musculature and bite force in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)

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Abstract
Caecilians are enigmatic limbless amphibians that, with a few exceptions, all have an at least partly burrowing lifestyle. Although it has been suggested that caecilian evolution resulted in sturdy and compact skulls as an adaptation to their head-first burrowing habits, no relationship between skull shape and burrowing performance has been demonstrated to date. However, the unique dual jaw-closing mechanism and the osteological variability of their temporal region suggest a potential relationship between skull shape and feeding mechanics. Here, we explored the relationships between skull shape, head musculature and in vivo bite forces. Although there is a correlation between bite force and external head shape, no relationship between bite force and skull shape could be detected. Whereas our data suggest that muscles are the principal drivers of variation in bite force, the shape of the skull is constrailed by factors other than demands for bite force generation. However, a strong covariation between the cranium and mandible exists. Moreover, both cranium and mandible shape covary with jaw musde architecture. Caecilians show a gradient between species with a long retroarticular process associated with a large and pennate-fibered m. interhyoideus posterior and species with a short process but long and parallel-fibered jaw adductors. Our results demonstrate the complexity of the relationship between form and function of this jaw system. Further studies that focus on factors such as gape distance or jaw velocity will be needed in order to fully understand the evolution of feeding mechanics in caecilians.
Keywords
Insect Science, Molecular Biology, Animal Science and Zoology, Aquatic Science, Physiology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Cranial morphology, Feeding mechanics, Muscle architecture, Geometric morphometrics, DERMOPHIS-MEXICANUS AMPHIBIA, PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL, SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM, EVOLUTION, DIET, PERFORMANCE, SOIL, KINEMATICS, LOCOMOTION, MORPHOLOGY

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Citation

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MLA
Lowie, Aurélien, et al. “The Relationship between Head Shape, Head Musculature and Bite Force in Caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona).” JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY, vol. 225, no. 1, 2022, doi:10.1242/jeb.243599.
APA
Lowie, A., De Kegel, B., Wilkinson, M., Measey, J., O’Reilly, J. C., Kley, N. J., … Herrel, A. (2022). The relationship between head shape, head musculature and bite force in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY, 225(1). https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.243599
Chicago author-date
Lowie, Aurélien, Barbara De Kegel, Mark Wilkinson, John Measey, James C. O’Reilly, Nathan J. Kley, Philippe Gaucher, et al. 2022. “The Relationship between Head Shape, Head Musculature and Bite Force in Caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona).” JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 225 (1). https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.243599.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Lowie, Aurélien, Barbara De Kegel, Mark Wilkinson, John Measey, James C. O’Reilly, Nathan J. Kley, Philippe Gaucher, Jonathan Brecko, Thomas Kleinteich, Dominique Adriaens, and Anthony Herrel. 2022. “The Relationship between Head Shape, Head Musculature and Bite Force in Caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona).” JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 225 (1). doi:10.1242/jeb.243599.
Vancouver
1.
Lowie A, De Kegel B, Wilkinson M, Measey J, O’Reilly JC, Kley NJ, et al. The relationship between head shape, head musculature and bite force in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY. 2022;225(1).
IEEE
[1]
A. Lowie et al., “The relationship between head shape, head musculature and bite force in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona),” JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY, vol. 225, no. 1, 2022.
@article{01GJMNS44XHYH8Y0RV85WPBM3H,
  abstract     = {{Caecilians are enigmatic limbless amphibians that, with a few exceptions, all have an at least partly burrowing lifestyle. Although it has been suggested that caecilian evolution resulted in sturdy and compact skulls as an adaptation to their head-first burrowing habits, no relationship between skull shape and burrowing performance has been demonstrated to date. However, the unique dual jaw-closing mechanism and the osteological variability of their temporal region suggest a potential relationship between skull shape and feeding mechanics. Here, we explored the relationships between skull shape, head musculature and in vivo bite forces. Although there is a correlation between bite force and external head shape, no relationship between bite force and skull shape could be detected. Whereas our data suggest that muscles are the principal drivers of variation in bite force, the shape of the skull is constrailed by factors other than demands for bite force generation. However, a strong covariation between the cranium and mandible exists. Moreover, both cranium and mandible shape covary with jaw musde architecture. Caecilians show a gradient between species with a long retroarticular process associated with a large and pennate-fibered m. interhyoideus posterior and species with a short process but long and parallel-fibered jaw adductors. Our results demonstrate the complexity of the relationship between form and function of this jaw system. Further studies that focus on factors such as gape distance or jaw velocity will be needed in order to fully understand the evolution of feeding mechanics in caecilians.}},
  articleno    = {{jeb243599}},
  author       = {{Lowie, Aurélien and De Kegel, Barbara and Wilkinson, Mark and Measey, John and O'Reilly, James C. and Kley, Nathan J. and Gaucher, Philippe and Brecko, Jonathan and Kleinteich, Thomas and Adriaens, Dominique and Herrel, Anthony}},
  issn         = {{0022-0949}},
  journal      = {{JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY}},
  keywords     = {{Insect Science,Molecular Biology,Animal Science and Zoology,Aquatic Science,Physiology,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics,Cranial morphology,Feeding mechanics,Muscle architecture,Geometric morphometrics,DERMOPHIS-MEXICANUS AMPHIBIA,PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL,SEXUAL-DIMORPHISM,EVOLUTION,DIET,PERFORMANCE,SOIL,KINEMATICS,LOCOMOTION,MORPHOLOGY}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{13}},
  title        = {{The relationship between head shape, head musculature and bite force in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.243599}},
  volume       = {{225}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

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